Nationalism and Imperialism

Nationalism and Imperialism

 Thomas Allen

    Nationalism is often accused of being the cause of many wars. It has been accused of aggressive war-making. It has been accused of causing one nationality to impose its will on another nationality. Nationalism has been falsely maligned. Much of what is blamed on nationalism should be placed on imperialism.

    Before proceeding, a distinction needs to be made between a “nation” and a “country.” A “nation” is a community of people of the same race having a common origin and language and with common traditions, culture, economy, etc. that is capable of forming a nation-state, i.e., a politically organized relatively homogenous people inhabiting a sovereign state. A country is the territory that a political state governs. A nation is the people, and a country is the land.

    Much confusion exists between nationalism and imperialism. Nationalism seeks to preserve a nationality. It seeks to preserve a nation (not to be confused with a country, most of which today are empires) and its culture, language, race, laws, economy, etc. On the other hand, imperialism seeks to impose the culture, laws, economy, etc. of one nationality on another nationality. Nationalism is essentially the opposite of imperialism.

    Nationalism acquired its belligerent reputation in the nineteenth century when various nations attempted to secede from various European and American Empires. The Irish attempted to secede from the British Empire. Several nations of the Austrian Empire attempted to secede. They were unsuccessful. However, Hungry did manage to obtain parity with Austria; hence, Austria-Hungry was born. Secession from the Turkish Empire was more successful as Greeks, Serbians, Romanians, Bulgarians, and Albanians won their independence. In North America, the Southern States failed in their attempt to secede from the American Empire.

    Many historians agree that the fundamental cause of World War I was imperialistic in nature. Few blame nationalism for the war. As destructive as that war was, it did advance the cause of nationalism — at least in Europe.

    The Irish gained independence although the status of Ulster has yet to be satisfactorily resolved.

    The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed into several nations. Although they lost part of their nation (part of Tirol) to Italy and were not united with the Bavarian provinces of Bavaria, the Bayuvar (or Austro-Bavarians) formed a new Austria. Although they lost part of their nation (Vojvodina) to Serbia, the Hungarians formed a new Hungary. The Czechs gained their independence although they held the Slovaks in subjection until 1992 when the Slovaks gained their independence and the Ruthenians until the end of World War II when they were transferred to the Soviet Union. In the south, the Croats, Dalmatians, Slovenes, Bosnians, and Herzegovinians were not so fortunate. They were merged into the Serbian Empire (commonly called Yugoslavia) along with the Montenegrins and Macedonians until the collapse of the Soviet Empire precipitated the collapse of the Serbian Empire. (However, the Montenegrins remained under Serbian rule, and the Dalmatians remained under Croat rule.)

    Out of the fall of the Russian Empire came homelands for nations of the Finns, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Kashubians in Gdansk, and Poles. The Byelorussians were divided between Poland and Russia.

    Germany’s African and Asian colonies were transferred to England, France, and Japan. The Alemanni of Alsace and the French of Lorraine were placed under French rule. Much of the German Empire that was Polish became part of Poland.

    The French replaced the Turks as the rulers of the Syrians, Druzes, and Christian Lebanese. The English replaced the Turks as the rulers of the Palestinians, the Arabs of Amman, and the Shiite Arabs of Baghdad and Basra.

    World War II is what really caused the undeserving reputation of nationalism as the cause of aggressive belligerence. The fascist movements in Italy and Germany claimed to be nationalistic, and the gullible, who included just about everyone in academia in the West, believed the fascists and still do. Hitler went so far in this deception that he named his movement National Socialism. Both Germany and Italy were imperialistic, not nationalistic. They sought to conquer other nations and to impose their values, ideology, economy, laws, etc. on these conquered nations.

    Germany and Italy could not have been acting in a nationalistic spirit because both were, and still are, an empire of nations. Germany consisted of at least eight nations: the Bayuvars, Alemanni (who were, and still are, divided among Germany, Switzerland, and France), Franconians (or Upper Germans), Germans (or Middle Germans), Brandenburgians, Plattdeutsch, Wends (a Slavonic people), and Prussians (who lost their homeland to the Poles as a result of World War II). Italy consisted of at least thirteen nations: the Piedmontese, Gallo-Italians, Venetians, Tuscans, Latins, Neapolitans, Sicilians, Sardinians, Friulians, Ladins, Bayuvars in Tirol, Savoyards in the northwest (the remainder of whom live under French rule) and Slovenes in Istria (who were reunited with their kindred after World War II in the Serbian Empire).

    Following World War II the map of Europe again changed. The Soviet Union absorbed the Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians. The eastern boundary of Poland was redrawn, and all of the Byelorussians and Volhynians (whom the Ukrainians now rule) were placed under Russian rule. The Ruthenians (whom the Ukrainians now rule) traded their Czech rulers for Russian rulers, and the Lemks and Boyks (whom the Ukrainians now rule) traded their Polish rulers for Russian rulers. The Rumanians of Bessarabia were also absorbed into the Soviet Union.

    The Prussian states (Prussian, Pomerelia, and Pomerania) were absorbed into Poland, and the Prussians for the most part were driven from their homeland. The eastern portion of Brandenburg also became part of Poland as did Gdansk (Danzig) with the resulting loss of autonomy for the Kashubians.

    At least in Europe, World War II was not nationalistic in nature but was imperialistic. Because of the war, several nations lost their countries, and no nation gained independence. However, in Asia and Africa, things were different. The European colonial empires collapsed. Many new countries were born. Unfortunately, for the most part, these new countries were not nations in the true sense but were a conglomeration of nations.

    One new country that was a nation born following World War II was the Jewish nation of Israel. However, this nation soon shifted from nationalism to imperialism as it conquered and imposed its rule on the Palestinians.

    Between the end of World War II and the collapse of the Soviet Empire, several nations have cried out for independence — some even to the point of armed insurrection. Some of these nations are the Punjabi in India, the Kurds in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey, the Palestinians in Israel, the Boers in South Africa, the Corsicans and Bretons in France, the Basque in France and Spain, the Welsh and Scotts in Great Britain, the Quebeckers in Canada, and the Southern Americans in the United States.

    The collapse of the Soviet Empire brought nationalism to the forefront and has caused imperialism to retreat. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the puppet governments in Eastern Europe, many new countries, most of which are true nations, came into being. Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia are again independent. Byelorussians now have an independent homeland for the first time in history. Ukraine is an independent country although it continues to contain several nations along with the Ukrainians. The Rumanians of Moldavia (Bessarabia) have gained independence. In the Caucasian region, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaidzhan are independent. Georgia still consists of four different nations. Armenia’s union with the Armenians of Erzenrum in Turkey remains. Also, remaining is the union of the Azeris of Azerbaidzhan with the Azeris of Iran. In Central Asia, the Tajik now have an independent homeland in Tajikistan. The Turanian countries of Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek, and Kirghiz have also gained independence.

    In Eastern Europe outside the old Soviet Union, several new countries, which for the most part consist predominately of one nation, have been born. Czechoslovakia has divided. The Czechs (Bohemians) have their homeland, and the Slovaks have theirs. Yugoslavia has divided. The Slovenes, Croats, and Macedonians have their independent homelands.

    Although the growth of modern-day nationalism began long before World War I, it really began to bear fruit with the collapse of Turkey’s European empire that began several decades before that war with the creation of several new countries that were true nations. Then nationalism was driven back as imperialism reared its ugly head as the Italian, German, Russian, and Japanese empires began expansion. Imperialism peaked with World War II. Since the conquests of the Soviet Union at the conclusion of World War II, imperialism has been retreating, and nationalism has been advancing. Empires have collapsed, and none have risen to take their place although the United States have been striving to establish an empire of puppet states throughout the world.


Copyright © 1994, 2010 by Thomas Coley Allen.

More articles on politics.

The Rise of Hitler

The Rise of Hitler
Thomas Allen

[Editor’s note: Footnotes in the original are omitted.]

Out of the chaos that the Versailles Treaty brought Germany, rose Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist Party (Nazi). The National Socialist Party “was the political party of the Ashkenazim, the Germany Jews.”[1] Hitler, who was an occultist and a strict vegetarian (because he believed souls were reincarnated in animal bodies), said this about National Socialism: “Anyone who interprets National Socialism merely as a political movement knows almost nothing about it. It is more than religion; it is the determination to create a new man.”[2] National Socialism was as much, if not more, of a religious movement as a political movement, and yet it was more than either. It was a New Age religion (with the Fuhrer as god on Earth); and like all other New Age religions, it was Satanic. What distinguished it from other New Age religions, except possibly secular humanism, was that “it was a spiritual ideal translated into a political system.”[3] National Socialism grew out of the Bavarian Illuminati, Freemasonry, German Order, and Teutonic Knights and ultimately the Mysteries and Nimrod.

Hitler was deeply involved in the occult and the cult of Ostara espoused by Jorg Lanz von Liebenfels, who had combined Aryan occultism with eugenics. The cult of Ostara was based on the principles of Tibetan magic adapted to Aryan racial theories. Tibetan magic claimed to be uncontaminated with Cabalism, its chief rival. It also claimed to be the most powerful occult—even more powerful than Cabalistic, Egyptian, or Hindu magic.

Guido von List influenced Hitler. List taught that a hidden and exiled priesthood had preserved the ancient occult knowledge of the Aryan ancestors of the Germans. These ancient traditions and laws had been retained in secret and continued to live through the Freemasons, Rosicrucians, and Templars.

Another occultist who greatly influenced Hitler was Karl Haushofer, who became Hitler’s spiritual mentor. Haushofer, who claimed to be a clairvoyant, was a disciple of Blavatsky. He introduced Hitler to her teachings. Thus, Hitler became strongly influenced by Blavatsky’s book The Secret Doctrine, which glorifies Lucifer.

More than any other person, Haushofer inspired Hitler to undertake a program of conquest. Haushofer was once an advisor to Stalin and a counselor to the Japanese militarists. (Based on astrological predictions, Haushofer convinced Hitler to ally with Japan.) During the war, Haushofer’s advice superseded that of Germany’s military leaders.

Hitler also practiced channeling and was guided by an “inner voice.” (In 1918, he heard a voice telling him that God had chosen him to be Germany’s messiah. Later an ascended master, whom he believed was Lucifer, controlled him.) He became completely demon possessed, a vassal of Lucifer. He believed that he was the reincarnation of the Norse god Odin.

Not only was Hitler heavily involved in the occult, so was Heinrich Himmler (member of the Thule Society and head of the SS, which Hitler considered the spiritual arm of his New World Order and as such Himmler was actually more powerful than Hitler), Rudolph Hess (Hitler’s Minister of State, a disciple of Haushofer, and a member of the Thule Society), and Alfred Rosenberg (a Jew, a member of the Thule Society, and the philosopher of National Socialism). Occultism was the driving force behind National Socialism.

Hitler viewed “his mission as a spiritual mission being worked out on the physical plane.”[4] He sought to establish National Socialism as the new world religion with himself as the head. His religion came complete with its own distinctive doctrine, clergy, rituals, religious symbols, hymns, and celebrations. It was a religion that stressed pride, will, and hate—and above all unquestionable obedience to the Fuhrer. Serving the Fuhrer, Hitler, was serving god, Lucifer (although most did not know that they served Lucifer).

Thus, National Socialism led to suppression of the true Christian church. Like other New Age cults, Hitler and National Socialism were inimical to true Christians and Christianity. To him, Christianity was defective and a failure. He proclaimed himself the voice of Christ Jesus and proceeded to replace the God of the Christians and his Son Christ Jesus with himself. Christianity needed to cleanse itself of its Jewish taint. To corrupt Christianity, National Socialism sought to replace true Christian understanding of the Bible with Gnostic interpretations with pagan overtones. Although most Christians and Christian churches finally succumbed to National Socialism’s religious doctrines, some did not. Those churches and Christians who opposed National Socialism, the National Socialists began purging from Germany even before they began to drive Jews from Germany.

Like other New Agers, Hitler believed that man would mutate into a new species, a higher level of mankind, a “higher level of consciousness.” This new man would be freed from “the dirty and degrading chimera called conscience and morality,” “the burden of free will,” and “personal responsibility.” All these undesirable attributes would fall upon a few, the ruling elite, the Illuminists, who would make all the decisions necessary for the good of mankind.

Behind National Socialism was the occult Thule Society, a front for the German Order. The Thule Society was nationalistic and anti-Semitic and anti-communistic. It sought to destroy physical self and moral constraints so that one could merge with the divine self in the spirit realm. This merger would result in superhuman psychic abilities. This ability would lead to the control of the world. A disciple of the Thule Society had to give unquestionable obedience to the enlightened master—the Fuhrer.

The Thule Society was founded on the philosophies of Liebenfels and his mentor Guido von List that gloried pagan occultism and the superiority of the Aryan people. It was also built on the philosophies of Blavatsky and Nietzsche. Its inner circle was Satanic and practiced black magic. Using seances, the Thule Society sought demonic guidance. It also practiced ritual murder, human mutilation, and sacrifices to Satan. Baron Rudolf von Sebottendorf, a disciple of Blavatsky, founded the Thule Society ostensibly as a literary discussion group.

Hitler’s world view developed from his occult practices. National Socialism became an expression of his world view. Thus, National Socialism grew out of the New Age occult.

When the Communist took over Bavaria in 1919 (Communist rule of Bavaria lasted less than a month), members of the Thule Society were the only ones whom the Communists arrested and executed. Members of the Thule Society were accused of kidnapping and murdering Jews and Communists as sacrifices in the rites of “Astrological Magic.” To defeat the socialist-controlled labor unions, the monarchists, industrialists, and leaders of the Thule Society knew that they needed the rank-and-file workers. So, in 1919, they formed the German Workers Party by merging the Committee of Independent Workman led by Anton Drexler, a machinist and a member of the Thule Society, and the Political Workers Circle led by Karl Harrer. Hitler was selected to lead the German Workers Party. In 1920, Hitler changed the name of the party to the National Socialist German Workers Party, better known as the Nazi party.

Dietrich Eckart, the high priest of the Thule Society and a student of Aleister Crowley, was Hitler’s primary mentor. He initiated Hitler into the inner most circle of the Thule Society and made him head of the German Workers Party.

After the war, Winston Churchill, a Freemason and Druid, sought to suppress exposing the occultism of Hitler and the National Socialists. The Nuremberg Trials refused to consider the occult aspects of National Socialism.

Once Hitler obtained power, he began imprisoning Freemasons and occultists. Apparently, he feared them and what they could do to and with him. Knowing the power of the occult, he wanted to eliminate occult competition; he wanted to prevent others from manipulating the forces that he was manipulating and using these forces against him. He also wanted to conceal his occult roots. People who knew about his occult roots, he eliminated early in his regime. Nevertheless, he continued his own occult practices and rituals.

The rise of Hitler and the National Socialists Party was a great benefit to Zionism. (Anti-Semitism, real or perceived, encourages Zionism, which is why Zionists are always encouraging anti-Semitism. The Zionists and true anti-Semitists share a common goal of preventing Jewish assimilation.) Hitler was a promoter of Zionism in that he wanted to establish a Jewish homeland. In the early years of his regime, Zionist Jews even collaborated with his anti-Semitism as it promoted segregation of and cohesion among Jews, which in turn aided Zionism.

The Illuminists brought Hitler to power to destroy the bourgeois states and to serve as a check against Stalin. (The Illuminists appeared to have been losing control Stalin as he was using the Communist Revolution for the benefit of the state instead of using the state for the benefit of the Revolution. However, by the time that World War II began, they appeared to have regained control of Stalin, but they had lost control of Hitler. He had violated a golden rule of Illuminism and had deprived the Illuminists of their monopoly to manufacture money.) The war that Hitler would bring, the Illuminists hoped would bring the death of the two of the three objects that they hated most: nationalism and Christianity—the two greatest enemies of Illuminism. (The third object of their hatred is the Aryan race; the war would kill enormous numbers of them.) If the war failed to achieve these objectives, it would at least advance Illuminism as war nearly always does.

Hitler’s principal financial backers included Max Warburg and the Oppenheimers. Warburg and the Oppenheimers were Jews. Simon Hirschland Bank in Essen was another Jewish bank that financed Hitler; it arranged loans for him through Goldman Sachs and Co., a Jewish bank. Fritz Thyssen, a German steel magnate and former head of the German steel trust, which Dillon, Reed financed, and Alfred Krupp of Krupp arms were early financial backers of Hitler. Henry Ford was another financial backer of Hitler; his money Hitler used to incite the Bavarian rebellion in 1923. Other early financial backers of Hitler included Emil Kirdorf (before aiding the National Socialists, he had sent money to the Bolsheviks) Henri Deterding (head Royal Dutch-Shell Oil), and Montagu Norman (the Bank of England).

Another important financial backer of Hitler’s regime was Baron Kurt von Schroder, a member of the Thule Society and a partner of J.H. Stein Co. in Germany. Schroder was also associated with J. Henry Schroder Banking Co. in London, which collected contribution from German industrialists for Hitler and the National Socialist Party, and J. Schroder Banking Corp. in New York. J. Henry Schroder Banking Co. was Germany’s financial agent in Great Britain. Schroder, who was on the board of directors of International Telephone and Telegraph’s (ITT) German subsidiaries, became the protector of ITT interests in Germany. Through Schroder, ITT funneled money to Himmler’s SS (Schutzstaffel) during World War II. Also, through Schroder, ITT bought a significant interest in German armament firms.[5]

By the end of 1932, Hitler was on the verge of leaving the political scene because of a lack of funds. (He had incurred an enormous debt maintaining his private army.) In early 1933, Allen Dulles, John Foster Dulles and Schroder met with Hitler to guarantee him that Kuhn, Loeb and Co., a Jewish bank, would provide him the funds that he needed to become Chancellor of Germany.[6] Other German industrialists and bankers offered to fund Hitler if he would break the power of the trade unions, which he did.

In exchange for the support of the international financiers, Hitler promised not to interfere with the bankers. Krupp, Thyssen, and others pressured President Hindenburg to appoint Hitler Chancellor. Thus, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933.

Among the financiers of Hitler were Guaranty Trust Co., Union Banking Corp. (a Harriman interest), J.P. Morgan and Co., and Chase National Bank. During the war Chase National Bank and J.P. Morgan and Co. continued to finance Hitler through their French offices.[7] Niederman, who was the manager of Chase National Bank’s Paris branch, was a Nazi collaborator. The head office in New York was aware of his collaboration and supported his good relations with the Germans. (Before and after World War II, Chase National Bank was also a major advocate of exporting United States technology to the Soviet Union.)

After Hitler became Chancellor, the Reichstag building was burned—probably by his agents. The fire was blamed on the Communists. Regardless of whom set the fire, Hitler used it to get the Reichstag to enact a law that empowered him to govern outside the constitution thus making him a dictator. When Hindenburg died in 1934, Hitler merged the office of president (head of the military) and chancellor (head of the government) and made himself an absolute leader, fuhrer.

Besides international bankers, several major United States corporations supported Hitler and his National Socialist Party and front organizations. They included General Electric, Standard Oil, International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), General Motors Co., Ford Motor Co., International Harvester Co., Alcoa, Dow Chemical, and American I.G. Farben. American I.G. Farben, which was I.G. Farben’s wholly owned subsidiary in the United States and under the control of American directors, funded most of the pro Nazi propaganda in the United States. General Electric controlled about 40 percent of German’s heavy current industry, 60 percent of its radio, and 20 percent of its wire and cable industry. ITT controlled about 35 percent of Germany’s telephone and telegraph industry, 35 percent of its radios, and 20 percent of its wire and cable industry. These industries were never prime bombing targets. ITT also owned 28 percent of Focke-Wolfe, a manufacturer of fighter aircraft. Standard Oil of New Jersey, which the Rockefellers controlled, in partnership of I.G. Farben developed and financed the process used to manufacture synthetic rubber and gasoline from coal. With these processes in place, Hitler had a large enough domestic supply of gasoline and rubber to wage war.[8]

On the eve of World War II, I.G. Farben (Germany’s chemical cartel) and Vereinigte Stahlwerke or United Steelworks (Germany’s steel cartel) accounted for 95 percent of German explosives. American money and to some extent American technology built these two cartels. With technology obtained from Standard Oil, I.G. Farben produced most of Germany’s aviation gasoline during World War II. At the beginning of the war, it was the largest chemical manufacturer in the world. It also provided most of Germany’s plastics, gunpowder, and poison gas, and all of its synthetic rubber and lubricating oil. Moreover, it eagerly served the German army as an intelligence and research agent.

Hermann Schmitz organized I.G. Farben. He was a supporter of Hitler and an early member of the National Socialist Party. Also, he was the president of American I.G. Farben and I.G. Farben in Germany. He was a director of the Deutsche Bank and the Bank for International Settlement. In 1929 he became the president of the board of National City Bank. (An early financial backer of I.G. Farben was Rockefeller’s National City Bank.)

Max Warburg was a director of I.G. Farben in the 1920s while his brother Paul Warburg was a director of American I.G. Farben. Besides Paul Warburg (Bank of Manhattan Co.), other directors of American I.G. Farben were Henry Ford (Ford Motor Co.), Charles E. Mitchell (Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Paul Warburg’s National City Bank), Edsel Ford (Ford Motor Co.), Walter Teagle (Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Standard Oil of New Jersey), and H.A. Metz (I.G. Farben Germany, Warburg’s Bank of Manhattan Co.).

The subsidiaries of General Motor Co., which J.P. Morgan, Jr. controlled, and Ford Motor Co. were the two largest tank manufacturers for Hitler. General Motors was also a part owner of Siemens and Halske A.G., a Germany company that manufactured aircraft instruments.[9]

Even after the United States entered the war, Rockefeller’s Standard Oil continued to sell Germany petroleum products through Spain and Switzerland. Ford Motor Co. continued to produce trucks for Germany. International Telephone and Telegraph, headed by Sosthenes Behn, a director of National City Bank, continued to improve Germany’s telephone system and produce fighter planes. All this trade with Germany was legal. Any trade with the enemy approved by Henry Morgenthau, Jr., a Jew and Roosevelt’s Secretary of Treasury, was legal.

Like Mussolini’s Fascists Party, Hitler’s National Socialist Party was founded on Marxism. According to Hitler, 90 percent of the members of his party were left-wingers.


Appendix 1. Mussolini
In Italy, Benito Mussolini, who was an Illuminist of some degree, founded the Fascist Party in 1919. He was hardly a “right-winger” as the Establishment historians and political scientists betray him. He was a socialist, an orthodox Marxist.

Although he opposed Italy’s entry into World War I, he changed his mind following a French bribe.[10] He was instrumental in bringing Italy into the war whose purpose was to replace the old order with Communism.

Soon after Mussolini founded the Fascist Party, many Communists joined it. Five of the founders of the Fascist Party were Jews. The Fascists Party was to do for Italy what the Bolsheviks had done for Russia. Unlike Lenin, but like Hitler, Mussolini came to power via constitutional means. He rose to power by promising the lower and middle classes handouts from the public treasury. Once in power, like other Illuminists before and after, he ignored the constitution and made himself an absolute dictator.

Like Hitler, Mussolini also received financial support from international financiers. In 1926, Thomas Lamont, a Morgan associate and a director of Guaranty Trust Co., secured a large loan for Mussolini.

When Mussolini rose to power in Italy, he outlawed Freemasonry. As a result, Freemasonry unleashed a vicious worldwide campaign against Mussolini. (This hostility between the Italian fascists and Freemasonry could have meant several things. One, a fracture had occurred among the secret societies, and a “civil war” was occurring. Or more likely, the fascist anti-Masonic law was a ruse to distract people in other countries so that the secret societies in those countries could expand their power base with less notice and obstruction.) Once Mussolini fell, more than 500 Masonic lodges promptly emerged.

Like Mussolini, Hitler also outlawed Freemasonry. Although they outlawed these groups, the Illuminists aided and abated their rise to power. They served the purpose of the Illuminists in bringing about another world war.

Appendix 2. Franco and the Spanish Revolution
In 1936, the Soviet Union sent Rosenberg, also known as Moses Israelssohn, and 140 insurgents to the Soviet embassy in Spain. Thus, began the Spanish Revolution, which lasted until 1939. Like other communist revolutions, the Spanish Revolution was filled with atrocities and mass murders for which Communist revolutions are notorious.

Years before Rosenberg arrived, Freemasons had overthrown the monarchy. With revolutionary labor strikes, they fomented violence. They incited the peasants and workers to demand replacing the monarchy with a socialist republic. Throughout the country, they provoked bloody clashes. They exasperated the unrest and focused it against the monarchy and the Catholic Church. As a result, the king fled Spain in 1931 and a republic was established. Soon afterwards, the government confiscated the property of the king, aristocrats, and Catholic Church. After establishment of the republic, which Freemasons controlled, strife, bloodshed, and revolt continued to fill the country.

Aiding the Communists in their take over of Spain was the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. The Abraham Lincoln Brigade was a communist mercenary force. Its members were largely Americans, and according to Victor Berch of Brandeis University, 40 percent of its members were Jews.[11] The American news media also allied themselves with the Communists in Spain.

With the 1936 election, the Popular Front, which represented all the revolutionary elements of Spain including Freemasonry, gained control of the government and the Spanish Revolution began. The Popular Front was under the control of the Soviet Union. Among its first tasks was executing the Red Terror.

Francisco Franco began his opposition to the Communist controlled Popular Front by taking command of the Spanish army in Morocco. He took control of the insurgent government and rallied the monarchists, republicans, and socialists to his side. In 1939, he finally defeated the Communists and ended the civil war.

Endnotes
1. Eustace Mullins, The Curse of Canaan: A Demonology of History (Staunton, Virginia: Revelation Book, 1987), p. 206. Archibald E. Roberts, Emerging Struggle for State Sovereignty (Fort Collins, Colorado: Betsy Ross Press, 1979), p. 153.

2. Jim Marrs, Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids (New York, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2000), p. 146.

3. Bob Rosio, Hitler & the New Age (Lafayette, Louisiana: Huntington House Publishers, 1993), p. 24.

4. Ibid., p. 175.

5. Eustace Mullins, The World Order: Our Secret Rulers (Second edition. Staunton, Virginia: Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization, 1992), pp. 92, 152. Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler (Seal Beach, California: ’76 Press, 1976), pp. 79, 80, 123.

6. Mullins, World Order, p. 153.

7. Sutton, pp. 150-151.

8. Ibid., pp. 15-16, 31, 62-63, 67, 74-75, 165.

9. Ibid., p. 31.

10. William P. Hoar, Architect of Conspiracy: An Intriguing History (Belmont, Massachusetts: Western Islands, 1984), p. 145.

11. Mullins, World Order, p. 143.

[Editor’s note: List of references in the original are omitted.]

Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Coley Allen.

 More articles on history. 

Religious Development in the Sixteenth Century

Religious Development in the Sixteenth Century
Thomas Allen

AlombradosThe Alombrados, the Illuminati of Spain, was an illuministic sect founded about 1520 in Salamanca, Spain. By a supernatural or “illuminated” union of minds, initiates concentrated on the will of the master. They taught a form of Gnosticism. Man’s spirit could attain direct knowledge of God—thus, rendering trappings of formal religion unnecessary for those who found the light. In 1623 the Grand Inquisition condemned and suppressed the Alombrados. Out of the Alombrados came Ignatius Loyola.

Jesuits
Loyola, a Spanish nobleman and soldier and a member of the Alombrados, founded the Order of the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) in 1541. It was ostensibly founded to defend the Catholic faith and the pope. The doctrines of the Society of Jesus are similar to those of the Jewish Mishnah.[1] Like the Assassins, Jesuits had unquestionable, unhesitating obedience to the Order’s cause and its leaders. It was divided into six grades. Its initiate rituals and ceremonies resembled those used by the Assassins and Freemasons.

According to Chaitkin, “The Venetian house of Contarini detained Ignatius Loyola, and obliged him to head up a new worldwide secret intelligence service to serve the Venetian interests, the Jesuits.”[2] The Jesuits became the pope’s intelligence agencies, the Vatican’s CIA. The Order’s primary goal was to destroy Protestantism. In carrying out its objective, it used indoctrination, blackmail, and coercion. The Jesuits are credited with, among other great historical events, the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, fomentation of the Thirty Years War, and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685.

Knights of Malta
When Rhodes failed to the Turks in 1522, the Hospitalers who were on the island fled to Malta. Here they reorganized as the Sovereign and Military Order of Malta or the Knights of Malta. Some recent members of the Knights of Malta are William F. Buckley (“conservative” writer), William Casey (CIA director), J. Peter Grace (chairman of W. R. Grace Co.), Alexander Haig (Reagan’s Secretary of State), Joseph P. Kennedy, Lee Iacocca (chairman of Chrysler), Clare Boothe Luce (American dramatist and diplomat), John McCone (CIA director), William Simon (Nixon’s Secretary of the Treasury), and William Wilson (ambassador to the Vatican). Today, the Knights of Malta serves as the principal channel of communication between the Central Intelligence Agency and the Vatican.[3]

Peasant’s War
In 1517 Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, and the Reformation was underway. The disturbance caused by the Reformation gave Illuminists many opportunities to work their mischief. They began by stirring up the peasants in Germany. They moved on to remove the Church condemnation of usury, a la Calvin, and to attack the divine nature of a resurrected Jesus, a la Socinus.

The year 1520 is often cited as the starting point of the leftist revolutionary movement:[4] unrestrained sensual pleasure; destruction of the family; collective ownership of property; subversion of science, literature, and arts; democratic despotic government; mass slaughter; and animosity toward God, i.e., the God of the Christians, and Christianity. The leader of this revolution was Thomas Munzer, a disciple of Nicholas Storck. Munzer claimed that inspiration came not from the Bible but from divine illumination or inner light. He devised a communistic doctrine of unrestricted equality. He advocated abolishing all temporal authority. His goal was to establish a theocratic communistic state. His preaching led to the Peasants’ War in 1524.

The Peasants’ War was an uprising of German peasants and of poor classes of the towns. Once the revolt broke out, Munzer took control when he came to the aid of Heinrich Pfeiffer. The revolt was crushed in 1525, and Munzer was beheaded.

A similar revolt occurred in Munster between 1533 and 1535. Like the Peasants’ War, this revolt sought equality and communion of goods. Lasciviousness was popular among the rebels.

Calvinism
According to Mullins, Calvinism was one of those movements organized by Illuminists that sweep across Europe periodically creating revolutions or turmoil.[5] Unlike previous Christian sects, Calvinism was compatible with the money interest. Instead of emphasizing austerity and vows of poverty, it approved of charging interest and acquiring wealth.

John Calvin of Noyons, France was the founder of Calvinism. His “religious movement was based on a literal Jewish interpretation of the Ten Commandments, Old Testament philosophy, and the prohibition of graven images.”[6] With the rise of Calvinism came the expansion of Jews into commercial activities besides banking, which they had historically dominated.

Calvinism revealed its kinship with Oriental despotism of Nimrod by its coercive nature. With his Ecclesiastical Ordinance, Calvin imposed absolute discipline on the inhabitants of Geneva. The penalty for objecting to Calvinism was death.

SocinusIn 1547, Laelius Socinus met with like-minded people in Vicenza. They laid plans to overturn orthodox Christianity and to replace it with their doctrines. They proposed executing their plans through a secret society. Upon learning of this conspiracy, the Republic of Venice captured and executed two members, Julian Trevisano and Francis de Rugo. The others fled and became involved in forming or capturing other secret societies across Europe. The secret society of Vicenza is among the ancestors of modern-day Freemasonry.[7]

Faustus Socinus, a Rosicrucian and nephew of Laelius Socinus, got his uncle’s papers after his uncle’s death. Using the doctrines in his uncle’s papers, he founded Socinianism from which came Unitarianism.

Socinianism rejected the teachings that Jesus had a divine nature. He was merely the human instrument of divine mercy. The Holy Spirit was nothing more than the activity of God. Although the Scriptures were considered authoritative, they were interpreted from the perspective of rationalism.

HuguenotsAnother reformation movement was the Huguenots. Huguenots were the Calvinist Protestants (Presbyterians) of France. They founded their church in 1559. The Huguenot massacres began in France soon after Catherine de Medici became Regent on the accession of her son, Charles IX. In 1568, she issued an edict that outlawed the Huguenots. As Huguenots had acquired great wealth, placing them outside the law invited their plunder. Hoping to prevent the impending slaughter of a tenth of his population, Charles began negotiating with the Huguenot leaders. While Charles negotiated, Catherine plotted their extermination. When Huguenot leaders assembled in negotiation, Catherine’s forces attacked and killed them. She had killed all the important Huguenot leaders. This massacre occurred on August 24, 1572, and became known as St. Bartholomew’s Massacre. This massacre lead to others until most Huguenots had been killed or driven from France. King Charles died soon after his mother betrayed his trust. His son Henry II died at the hands of an assassin because he seemed unwilling to slaughter the Huguenots.

The Huguenots received an uneasy peace between the issuance of the Edit of Nantes by Henry IV in 1598 and it revocation in 1685 by Louis XIV. Its revocation resulted in most of the remaining Huguenots fleeing France for the American colonies. (France’s unnecessary loss became America’s fortunate gain. France’s decline can be dated from the St. Bartholomew’s Massacre.)


Endnotes
1. Eustace Mullins, The Curse of Canaan: A Demonology of History (Staunton, Virginia: Revelation Book, 1987), p. 91.

2. Anton Chaitkin, Treason in America From Aaron Burr to Averell Harriman (New York, New York: New Benjamin Franklin House, 1984), p. 141.

3. Jim Marrs, Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids (New York, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2000), pp. 312-313.

4. Clarence Kelly, Conspiracy Against God and Man: A Study of the Beginnings and Early History of the Great Conspiracy (Belmont, Massachusetts: Western Islands, 1974), p. 29.

5. Mullins, pp. 81-83.

6. Ibid., p. 81.

7. Denis Fahey, Grand Orient: Freemasonry Unmasked as the Secret Power behind Communism through Discovery of Lost Lectures Delivered by Monsignor George F. Dillon, D.D. at Edinburgh, in October 1884 (New and Revised Edition. Metairie, Louisiana: Sons of Liberty, 1950), pp. 12-13.

ReferenceChaitkin, Anton. Treason in America From Aaron Burr to Averell Harriman. New York, New York: New Benjamin Franklin House, 1984.

Daraul, Arkon. A History of Secret Societies. New York, New York: The Citadel Press, 1961.

Fahey, Denis. Grand Orient: Freemasonry Unmasked as the Secret Power behind Communism through Discovery of Lost Lectures Delivered by Monsignor George F. Dillon, D.D. at Edinburgh, in October 1884. New and Revised Edition. Metairie, Louisiana: Sons of Liberty, 1950.

Kah, Gary H. The New World Religion. Noblesville, Indiana: Hope International Publishing, Inc., 1998.

Kelly, Clarence. Conspiracy Against God and Man: A Study of the Beginnings and Early History of the Great Conspiracy. Belmont, Massachusetts: Western Islands, 1974.

Marrs, Jim. Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids. New York, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2000.

Monteith, Stanley. Brotherhood of Darkness. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone, 2000.

Mullins, Eustace. The Curse of Canaan: A Demonology of History. Staunton, Virginia: Revelation Book, 1987.

Preuss, Arthur. A Dictionary of Secret and Other Societies. St. Louis, Missouri: B. Herder Book Co., 1924.

Queenborough, Lady (Edith Starr Miller). Occult Theocracy. Two Volumes. Hawthorne, California: The Christian Book Club of America, 1933.

Copyright © 2009 by Thomas Coley Allen.

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Europe After the Revolution of 1848

Europe After the Revolution of 1848Thomas Allen

[Editor’s note: Foot notes in the original are omitted.]

This paper discusses four major events that happen in Europe the quarter century following the Revolution of 1848. These events are the rise and fall of Napoleon III, the Crimean War, the unification of Italy, and the unification of Germany.

Napoleon IIIIn France a result of the Revolution of 1848 was the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Republic, the “Social Democratic Republic.” Secret societies had organized this Revolution, and socialists directed it. However, Louis Napoleon’s rise to power meant an end to socialist rule. After he was elected president of the new republic, most of the socialist leaders were imprisoned.

Freemasonry had supported Louis Napoleon’s overthrow of Louis Philippe. Earlier during the Revolution of 1830, Freemasons had supported Louis Philippe when he deposed Charles X. The Revolution of 1830 was an Orleanist led conspiracy whose primary objective seemed to have been to change the monarchial dynasty.

Another secret society working to overthrow the monarchy was the reorganized Society of the Seasons. Controlling this Society were Caussidiere (who became perfect of police under the provisional government), Grandmesnil, Leontre (writer), and Leroux (a manufacturer). In 1846, Albert (a mechanic and later a secretary of the provisional government) and Flocon (chief editor of the Reforme, for which Leontre worked) replaced Caussidiere and Leontre.

The Dissidents was a Communist secret society involved in overthrowing Louis Philippe. Communists who had seceded from the Society of the Seasons formed it. Its leaders were Chenu, Culot, Flotte (a naval officer), and Gueret. Like the Society of the Seasons, the Dissidents wanted to institute the doctrines of Robespierre.

Between the abdication of King Louis Philippe and the implementation of the new constitution, a self-appointed provisional government ruled France. Included in this government were Etienne Arago (Freemason), Adolphe Cremieux (Jew and Freemason), Jacques Dupont de l’Eure (Carbonari and Freemason), who became the provisional president, Alphonse de Lamartine (Freemason), Alexandre Ledru-Rollin (Freemason), Marie, and Louis Garnier-Pages (Freemason). Flocon (head of the Society of the Seasons), Louis Blanc, and Paquerre were made secretaries.

Louis Napoleon, later Napoleon III, was elected president of the new republic. Apparently, Louis Napoleon, who was a Freemason and a member of the Carbonari, angered many Illuminists when he seized power in France in 1851 and proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852. One of Louis Napoleon first acts was to dissolve Masonic lodges. Soon afterwards, he allowed them to reopen with his nephew, Prince Lucian Murat, as Grand Master. Murat ran the lodges primarily for his uncle’s benefit. By 1862, Freemasons were able to pressure Napoleon III into replacing Murat. Napolean’s seizure of power apparently was not part of the Illuminists’ grand plan. They retaliated by having his son killed.

Furthermore, Napoleon III gained the hatred of Mazzini when he (Napoleon III) gained Palmerston’s favor. (After, perhaps even before, 1848 animosity existed between Palmerston and Mazzini.) After Palmerston died in 1865, Mazzini began his work to overthrow Napoleon III.

Using his powerful position in Freemasonry, Mazzini directed Freemasons in France and Germany. Mazzini got Bismark to promise to persecute the Catholic Church in exchange for Masonic support against France. Bismark delivered on his promise. Freemasons close to Napoleon III urged him to misdirect the French army to Mexico and Italy. In 1870, Prussia led the German states in an invasion and defeat of France. Born out of the Franco-German War was the German Empire promised Prussia more than a decade earlier. The war ended Napoleon III’s rule and the Second Empire.

When the Second Empire fell, the socialists and Freemasons seized power. The control of the government of France fell to 11 men, nine of whom were Freemasons (Emmanuel Arago, Cremieux, Jules Favre, Jules Ferry, Louis Garnier-Pages, Camille Pelletan, Picard, Rochefort, and Jules Simon) and three were Jews (Cremieux, Leon Gambetta, and Glass-Bizoin). They established the Third Republic, which Freemasons controlled until it fell to the Germans in 1939.

Crimean War
Under Palmerston’s leadership, the Illuminists undertook to break the alliance between Russia and Austria, the two great conservative empires of Europe, and to turn France against Russia. Accomplishment of this plan required war with Russia. To be successful, Prussia and Austria would have to remain neutral. Prussia was bought with the promise of the Empire of United Germany. Austria was threatened with carving a kingdom of Poland and Hungary out of her.

The threat to Austria was real in that French and English forces were massing along the Danube. Once Austria withdrew from her alliance with Russia, the French and English armies moved to the Crimea. Because of Austria’s capitulation, Austria lost her influence and in 1866 her last province, Venetia, in Italy.

The ultimate objective of the Crimean War was a united Germany under the Prussian monarchy and a united Italy under the Piedmontese monarchy. The alliance between Russia and Austria prevented achievement of these objectives. Once the alliance was broken, the German states and Italian states were soon united. (Another objective, an independent Polish state and an independent Hungarian state, had to wait for World War I to be achieved.)

Unification of Italy
Following the Crimean War, Illuminists began to work earnestly to unify Italy. Groundwork toward the unification had begun decades earlier.

When the unification movement began, Freemasonry and the Carbonari were outlawed in every country in Italy except Piedmont. (The Austrians had outlawed secret societies in 1820 in her two provinces, Lombardy and Venetia.) As leaders of the Revolution of the 1820s, the Carbonari forced Ferdinand, King of the Two Sicilies, to bow to their will. The Austrians entered Italy and ended the revolution. The Carbonari were driven underground throughout Italy except in Piedmont. Giuseppe Garibaldi, Mazzini, and Conte Camille Benso di Cavour, all three of whom were Freemasons, revived the society after 1830. Thus, Piedmont became the base for unifying Italy.

Modern Freemasonry had come to Italy in 1733 when Lord Sackville of England established the first Masonic lodge in Italy. The Grand Orient of Italy had been organized in 1805 in Milan under the auspice of Napoleon to unify and control Freemasonry in Italy for the benefit of the French. Thus, it claimed authority over all Freemasonry in Italy. Through the Alta Vendita, the Carbonari directed the Grand Orient of Italy.

The Carbonari was a ruse. It was a Catholic front created by Illuminists. Although controlled by Illuminists, the Carbonari were organized as a Christian society with Christ Jesus as the Grand Master. This ploy deceived the Catholic Church and seduced many Christians into joining so that they could be corrupted. To be a member, one had to be a Catholic who regularly attended the Sacraments. The Carbonari had the typical traits of a secret society with ascending degrees, unquestionable obedience to hidden masters, and a death penalty for breach of secrecy. Such features made control of the Carbonari by the anti-Catholic Illuminists relatively easy. Control, Illuminists gained and executed. Although the Carbonari were ostensibly loyal Catholics, they became the instrument of the Illuminists to destroy the power of the Catholic Church in Italy.

Daraul describes the Carbonari as follows: “The objective of this society [the Carbonari] was to constitute a body of men who would be subject to the order of a central body. . . . It formed a state within a state. . . . the Carbonari were a . . . body dedicated to revolt and to gaining of material power.”[1] Among the ancestors of the Carbonari were the ancient Mysteries, particularly the cult of Mithra, Gnosticism, Freemasonry, Templarism, Cathars, and Sufis.

In 1851, when Louis Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor, the Carbonari moved to consolidate their gains in Italy. Later, an international group of Freemasons met in London in 1860 to plan their strategy for seizing absolute control in Italy. (Freemasonry was to be the means by which British intelligence would unify Italy.) Lord Palmerston led the group, which included Louis Kossuth and Adriano Lemmi.

Garibaldi and Mazzini led the illuministic revolution in Italy that resulted in the unification of Italy in 1860. (Complete unification was finished in 1870 when the pope lost his last vestige of temporal power and Rome fell to Italian Freemasonry.) Behind this Masonic led revolution was the British intelligence. The British intelligence, under Lord Palmerston, Prime Minister of Great Britain, planned and financed the Italian unification movement. Rich German Jews were also an important source of financing the Carbonari, Alta Vendita, and the unification of Italy and the advancement of Illuminism. (Jews were among the members of the Alta Vendita.)

In 1864, Garibaldi (who was in reality merely a tool of Palmerston, Mazzini, and Cavour) united the three Masonic groups in Italy and made himself the most powerful political leader in Italy.

Following the unification of Italy and Lord Palmerston’s death, Mazzini, with the aid of Albert Pike, went on to unify Freemasonry. Mazzini saw Freemasonry as an important and powerful weapon in revolutionizing (illuminizing) the world. To unify Freemasonry, Mazzini left all the established systems and rites in place. However, he and Pike created a supreme rite, which remained unknown to most Freemasons, except the high-degree Freemasons whom Mazzini and Pike selected. This supreme rite governed all Freemasonry.

In 1870, Mazzini and Pike entered an alliance that would give them control of Freemasonry. Pike became the dogmatic authority of Freemasonry with a title of Sovereign Pontiff of Universal Freemasonry. Mazzini became the executive authority with the title of Sovereign Chief of Political Action. Also, 1870 was the year of the Franco-Prussian War.

Unification of Germany
After the unification of Italy, came the unification of Germany. With the aid of Mazzini, Jews, and Freemasons, Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War. To break the alliance between France and Italy, Bismark, a Freemason, used Mazzini and Italian Freemasonry. The war forced France to withdraw from Italy. This withdrawal gave Mazzini and Italian Freemasonry, with Bismark’s approval and encouragement, the opportunity to force Victor Emmanuel to take Rome. Bismark agreed to provide the Italian revolutionists the arms and money that they needed to take Rome if Victor Emmanuel refused to take it. The revolutionists promised to foment sufficient agitation to prevent Italy from forming an alliance with France. With Bismark’s money, Freemasonry soon prevailed, and Italy marched on Rome.

After the war, Bismark used the Jews to replenish his war chest, and the Jews used Bismark to bring about liberal reforms in Germany that benefitted them. Both used the other to advance Prussian imperialism through subversive revolutions. Through their agent, Samuel Bleichroder, court banker of the Prussian Emperor, the Rothschild’s money financed Germany unification and expansion.

As the head of Young Germany, Jews were an important element in the unification of Germany. They sought to unify Germany under Prussian control. They intended to, and to a large extent did, control Prussia. To achieve this goal, they had participated greatly in the Revolution of 1848 in Germany, which sought Jewish emancipation and Prussian supremacy.

Endnote

Arkon Daraul, A History of Secret Societies, p. 105.

References
Daraul, Arkon. A History of Secret Societies. New York, New York: The Citadel Press, 1961.

Fahey, Denis. Grand Orient: Freemasonry Unmasked as the Secret Power behind Communism through Discovery of Lost Lectures Delivered by Monsignor George F. Dillon, D.D. at Edinburgh, in October 1884. New and Revised Edition. Metairie, Louisiana: Sons of Liberty, 1950.

Frost, Thomas. , The Secret Societies of the European Revolutions 1776–1876. Two volumes. London, England: Tinsley Brothers, 1876.

Knight, Stephen. The Brotherhood: The Secret World of the Freemasons. Briarcliff Manor, New York: Stein and Day, 1984.

MacKenzie, Norman, ed. Secret Societies. New York, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967.

Marrs, Jim. Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids. New York, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2000.

Mullins, Eustace. The Curse of Canaan: A Demonology of History. Staunton, Virginia: Revelation Book, 1987.

Mullins, Eustace. Secrets of the Federal Reserve. 1991.

Poncins, Leon de, Vicomte. Freemasonry and the Vatican: A Struggle for Recognition. Translator Timothy Tindal-Roberston. London, England: Briton Publishing Co., 1968.

Queenborough, Lady (Edith Starr Miller). Occult Theocracy. Two Volumes. Hawthorne, California: The Christian Book Club of America, 1933.

Roberts, J.M., The Mythology of the Secret Society. New York, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971.

Still, William T. New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies. Lafayette, Louisiana: Huntington House Publishers, 1990.

Webster, Nesta H. Secret Societies and Subversive Movements. Palmdale, California: Omni Publication, 1924.

Webster, Nesta H. World Revolution: The Plot Against Civilization. Editor Anthony Gittens. Seventh edition. Palmdale, California: Omni Publications, 1994.

Copyright © 2009 by Thomas Coley Allen.

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Revolution of 1848

Revolution of 1848Thomas Allen

[Editor's note: The footnotes in the original are omitted.]

During the 1820s, the Illuminists rehearsed with revolts throughout Europe their plan for European-wide revolt in the future. The Revolution of the 1820s resulted in the abdication of the King of Piedmont (1821) and the establishment of a constitutional regime in Portugal (1822), which lasted until 1824. It led to revolts throughout the European part of the Turkish Empire in 1821 with rebellions breaking out in Walachia, Moldavia, and Greece. Rebellions also occurred in Spain, Russia, and Italy.

Revolts occurred in the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The most successful was in Greece. With the support of the secret society Hetairia Phileke, Greek independence was achieved in 1827.The Hetairia Phileke was a reformation of an earlier society, Hetairias, which Constantin Rhygas had formed. Greeks living in Vienna formed the Hetairia Phileke in 1814. Its organization was similar to the Bavarian Illuminati.[1] Initially, it operated from Moscow; later, in 1820, it moved its center of operation to Kishinev in Bessarabia. Its avowed goal was to liberate Greece from Turkish rule. Among its early patrons were Czar Alexander I of Russia, Count John Capodistria (who was Czar Alexander’s private secretary and secretary of foreign affairs and was the primary organizer of the Hetairia Phileke), Prince John Caradja (hospodar of Walachia), and Prince Alexander Ypsilanti (a major-general in the Russian army).[2] Among its leading members were Capodistria (who became president of Greece in 1828, which office he held until assassinated in 1831), Caradja (who wanted to become king of Walachia), Count Galati (a Greek jeweler living in Moscow), Anthymos Gazi, Petros Mavromichalis (who was governor of Maina and who wanted to become the ruler of the Peloponnesus), Pentedekas (a Greek merchant), Sekeris (a Greek merchant), Prince Michael Soutzo (who wanted to become king of Moldavia), Ypsilanti (who later became the head of the Hetairia Phileke and who wanted to become king of Rumania, i.e., Walachia and Moldavia), and Zanthos (a Greek merchant).[3] Hence, a secret society organized and executed the Greek rebellion. Yet this secret society did not originate in Greece and was never in Greece. It obtained its support from persons and countries that lacked the passion of the Greeks for independence, but who were motivated solely by a desire to damage the Ottoman Empire. Although the revolt in Greece succeeded in bringing independence, the rebellion in Walachia and Moldavia failed. Greek independence was secured in 1827 when Great Britain, France, and Russia agreed to intervene in the Greek revolt on behalf of the Greeks.

Mutinies occurred in the Spanish army; French intervention crushed them. The conflict in Spain resulted primarily from factions in the Constitutional party—the ultra constitutionalists led by the Society of the Communeros and the moderate constitutionalists led by the Freemasons—and to a lesser extent between these two factions and the absolutists, whom most European countries favored. The Communeros led the mutiny with the immediate objective of deposing the king and replacing him with a regency in the name of defending the constitution and the crown. With the aid of the French, the king and the absolutists eventually prevailed over the constitutionalists.[4]

In 1825, the Decembrist Conspiracy broke out in Russia, but it was quickly suppressed. Behind the Decembrists was the United Slavonians. The goals of the United Slavonians were to overthrow the Russian autocracy and to unite the Slavic people. This Society came into existence between 1817 and 1820, with the most likely year being 1820. Many of its members came from the military.

Revolts also broke out in Italy. In Italy secret societies were intimately involved in fomenting the revolts. Leading the Italian revolts were the Carbonari, which had heavily infiltrated the military. The Carbonari succeeded in gaining control of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and establishing a constitutional monarchy for a few months until the Austrians crushed them. (Disagreement between the Constitutional party and the Republicans divided the Carbonari and lead to their downfall.) The Carbonari, along with the closely allied secret societies, the Italian Federati, the Guelphs, and the Adelphi, were behind the turmoil in Venetia, Lombardy, and Piedmont. In Piedmont, they forced the king to abdicate.[5]

The Revolution of the 1820s was practice for the next great upheaval—the Revolution of 1848.

The year of 1830 was the year that the leadership of the Illuminists change. B. Nubius, an Italian nobleman, succeed Weishaupt as the head of the Illuminists when Weishaupt died in 1830. Jews were the primary supporters of Nubius.[6] Then in 1837, Giuseppe Mazzini, the Italian revolutionary leader, had Nubius assassinated and became the head of the Illuminists. Mazzini led the Illuminists toward a more direct action of promoting revolutionary outbreaks.[7]

Plans for the next great revolution were made at the Masonic Congress of 1846 at Strasbourg. High-degree Freemasons and members of other secret societies attended this Congress. The Haute Vente took the lead. Among the French Freemasons’ representatives were Louis Blanc (an ardent socialist), Caussidiere (Prefect of Police in Paris during the Revolution of 1848), Adolphe Isaac Cremieux (Jew and head of Alliance Israelite Universelle) and Alexandre A. Ledru-Rollin. Among the German Freemasons’ representatives were Heckler, Fickler, and Herwegh from Baden; Robert Blum from Saxony; Karl Jacobi (a Jew and formerly a professor of mathematics at Konigsberg ); and von Gagern from Berlin.[8] The next violent revolution was to be Communism, which has lasted more than a century and a half.

Like Zionism, Communism came out of the Frankfurt Illuminists.[9] In 1807, Sigismund Geisenheimer (head clerk of the House of Rothschild), Zvi Hirsch Horowitz (chief rabbi of Frankfurt), and Isaac Hildesheim (later call Justus Hiller) established the Frankfurt Lodge of Freemasons. Among the members of the Frankfurt Lodge were all the leading bankers of Frankfurt: Adler, Ellison, Goldschmidt, Hanau, Mayer Amschel Rothschild, and Speyer.[10] About a fourth of its members were non-Jews.

To carry forth their communist revolution, the Illuminists worked through the Communist League. The Communist League was a secret society founded in 1847. It came out of the League of the Just, which sprang from the Parisian Outlaws League.[11] German refugees fleeing the suppression of the Bavarian Illuminati may have been involved in founding the Parisian Outlaws League. Among its members were Karl Marx, Baron Lionel de Rothschild, and Heinrich Heine.[12]

The Communist League commissioned Marx and Friedrich Engels to write the Communist Manifesto, which was published in 1848. (Marx and Engels wanted to destroy Europe with revolution and out of the chaos and destruction, would raise a dictatorship of Satanists.) Through Freemasonry, it immediately gained worldwide circulation. With the appearance of the Communist Manifesto, the Revolution of 1848 erupted across Europe. The purpose of the Revolution was to destroy the existing social order and to bring all the countries of Europe under the control of the Illuminists.

Behind the Revolution of 1848 were Mazzini and Lord Palmerston, who was Foreign Minister of Great Britain at this time. Palmerston’s contribution came through British diplomacy and secret service money. Mazzini’s role was organizing revolutionary sects, such as Young Italy, Young Poland, and Young Europe.

The Revolution of 1848 erupted in Paris and soon spread across much of Europe. Within a few weeks, insurrection and turmoil broke out in Baden, Vienna, Berlin, Milan, Parma, Venice, London, Spain, Naples, and Russia. Behind these insurrections and turmoil were Freemasonry and the Haute Vente.

According to Benjamin Disraeli, a Freemason, Jews were ultimately behind the Revolution of 1848.[13] They desired not so much to replace the present order with Communism or socialism, but to destroy Christendom and Christianity.

The Revolution of 1848 was not the success that the Illuminists had sought. They wanted to overthrow the established monarchs and replaced them with a Communist state. After the failed Revolution, many of the revolutionists fled to the United States and became advocators and supporters of the abolitionist war to destroy the South and later Lincoln’s war to suppress Southern independence.

As a result of the failure of the Revolution of 1848, Lord Palmerston went on to supplant Mazzini as the chief of Western secret societies. Mazzini was the person primarily responsible for Palmerston’s rise to power in the Alta Vendita. With his rise to power in the secret societies, Palmerston turned from Mazzini to Napoleon III.[14]

Following Palmerston’s death, Mazzini again gained control of the Western secret societies. With the assistance of Albert Pike, Mazzini established organizational control over Freemasonry.

Appendix: Karl Marx
Karl Marx became the most famous Communist. He was the grandson of a Jewish Rabbi. His ancestry contained an unbroken line of rabbis from the sixteenth century until his father “converted” to Christianity. Also, his mother had a long line of rabbinical ancestors. His father converted to Christianity to keep his job, not because of any convection; his father was a disciple of Voltaire. [15]

In his youth, Marx had a Christian leaning. However, during his last year in high school, Moses Hess, whom Marx called the “Communist Rabbi,” instilled Marx with a strong anti-Christian attitude and initiated him into an advance level of Satanism.[16] (Hess also converted Friedrich Engels to Communism.)

Marx embraced Communism not because he believed in it. He embraced it because he was a Satanist, and Communism was a means to destroy Christian civilization.[17]

Marx was a close associate of Mazzini. Mazzini used Marx to penetrate and subvert the growing socialist labor movement.[18]

Communism ingrains and feeds on hate, and Marx hated. He hated the proletarians, whom he avoided, and considered them as merely the raw material needed for the construction of his revolution.

After the Revolution of 1848, Marx went on to help organize the International Workingmen’s Association in 1864 in London, which became known as the First International. Actually, Marx played no active role in the founding of the First International, but was placed on the organization committee anyway. Other organizers were Wolff (a Polish Jew, and Mazzini’s personal secretary), Cremer (secretary of the English Masons’ Union), Le Lubez (a French Freemason), and Weston (an Owenite).[19] Lionel Rothschild was the controlling power behind the First International.[20] Wolff proposed organizing the Association using the statutes of Mazzini’s working men’s associates, which the Association accepted. Middle class Illuminists organized the First International to deceive and control the proletariat. It consisted of Freemasons, Communists, socialists, atheists, and Satanists. Most of its members had no real idea what life was like for the proletariat or what their hopes and dreams were—other than they did not desire the New World Order about which the illuministic First International preached. The leaders of Europe’s secret societies soon joined and gained control of the First International. In reality, it was merely a congress of secret societies disguising itself as a labor convention. It was a front for the Illuminists. The program and doctrines espoused by the First International were essentially Masonic Illuminism.[21] Out of the First International came Communism of the twentieth century.

Hoarse Greeley, member of the Columbian Lodge of the Order of the Illuminati, hired Marx in 1851 as a foreign correspondent for the New York Tribune.

Marx fled to New York in 1872 with the First International to escape Michael Bakunin’s harassment. In 1876, the First International formally dissolved when Marx merged the International Workingmen’s Party with the Socialist Party.

Endnotes

1. Lady Queenborough, (Edith Starr Miller). Occult Theocracy (Two Vols. Hawthorne, California: The Christian Book Club of America, 1933), pp. 438-439.

2. Thomas Frost, The Secret Societies of the European Revolutions, 1776–1876 (Vol. II, London, England: Tinsley Brothers, 1876), p. 46-47.

3. Frost, vol. II, pp. 47, 50-52, 54.

4. Thomas Frost, The Secret Societies of the European Revolutions, 1776–1876 (Vol. I, London, England: Tinsley Brothers, 1876),, pp. 282-300.

5. Frost, vol. I pp. 249ff.

6. Nesta H. Webster, World Revolution: The Plot Against Civilization (Ed. Anthony Gittens. Seventh ed. Palmdale, California: Omni Publications, 1994), p. 96.

7. Eustace Mullins, The Curse of Canaan: A Demonology of History (Staunton, Virginia: Revelation Book, 1987), pp. 94-95.

8. Webster, pp. 134, 157.

9. Mullins, p. 94.

10. Mullins, pp. 92-93. Jacob Katz, Jews and Freemasons in Europe 1723-1939 (Translator Leonard Oschry. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 60.

11. Dennis L. Cuddy, Now Is the Dawning of the New Age New World Order (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone Publishing, 2000), p. 31.

12. K.R. McKilliam, Conspiracy to Destroy the Christian West (London, England: The Board of Anglo-Saxon Celtic Deputies), p. 8. Mullins, p. 94, 211.

13. Webster, p. 162.

14. Denis Fahey, Grand Orient: Freemasonry Unmasked as the Secret Power behind Communism through Discovery of Lost Lectures Delivered by Monsignor George F. Dillon, D.D. at Edinburgh, in October 1884 (New and Revised Edition. Metairie, Louisiana: Sons of Liberty, 1950) p. 83.

15. The Cause of World Unrest (New York, New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1920), pp. 55-56.

16. William T. Still, New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies (Lafayette, Louisiana: Huntington House Publishers, 1990), p. 130.

17. Stanley Monteith, Brotherhood of Darkness (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone, 2000),
p. 133.

18. Gary H. Kah, En Route to Global Occupation (Lafayette, Louisiana: Huntington House Publishers, 1992), p. 116. Queenborough, p. 219.

19. Webster, p. 181.

20. "Red Symphony Two Accounts," http://www.acts1711.com.red_symphony.htm, Nov. 9, 2003.

21. Still, pp. 137-138.

[Editor's note: The list of references in the original are omitted.]

Copyright © 2009, Thomas Coley Allen.

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