Interracial Marriages

Interracial Marriages

Thomas Allen

    Table 1 shows the total number of marriages for Whites and Blacks and the number of White and Black interracial marriages for the census years from 1960 to 2010 and the percent of marriages that are interracial. Table 2 shows the percent increase in interracial marriages from the previous census years. Table 3 shows the percent increase in interracial marriages from 1960. These data are from Statistical Abstracts and the censuses.
    In 1960, only 0.4 percent of White marriages were interracial. About 1.7 percent of Black marriages were interracial.  In 1967, the Supreme Court nullified laws prohibiting interracial marriages with its Loving v. Virginia decision. Since then, interracial marriages have exploded. The percentage of interracial White marriage had almost doubled by 1970; in absolute marriages, they had more than doubled. By 2010 3 percent of White marriages were interracial. This is an increase of 1518 percent from 1960.
    Initially, Blacks were slower than Whites at marrying outside their race. The percentage of Black interracial marriages in 1970 was slightly more than that of 1960. Nevertheless, 27 percent more Black marriages were interracial in 1970 than in 1960. After 1970, Black interracial marriages soared. By 2010, 14 percent of Black marriages were interracial. Between 1960 and 2010, Black interracial marriages increased 1353 percent.
    As these tables show, the fear of the segregationists of the 1950s that integration would lead to miscegenation and amalgamation was well-founded. The claim of integrationists of the 1950s that this fear was ill-founded proved to be wrong. Most of these integrationists knew at that time that they were wrong. Thus, they lied.

Copyright © 2016 by Thomas Coley Allen.

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North Carolina’s Sexual Segregation of Restroom Law

North Carolina’s Sexual Segregation of Restroom Law

Thomas Allen

[Editor’s note: This was submitted as a letter to the editor. The editor of this newspaper opposes North Carolina’s voter identification law and its restroom sexual segregation law, SB2, which requires people to use the restroom of the sex on their birth certificate. His reason for opposing these two laws is that they attempt to solve problems that do not exist.]

    I went to what is now called middle school with some boys who had an annual contest of getting expelled from school for the rest of the year. The first boy to be expelled for the rest of the year won.
    They would have loved today’s school policies void of common sense and guided by zero tolerance. When they entered the classroom on the first day of school, they would have shown the teacher a picture of a gun and demanded to be expelled. They would have repeated this process every time that they returned to school until they were expelled for the rest of the year.
    Sexually integrated restrooms, which the recent enactment of the General Assembly prohibits, may have been enough to keep these boys in school. On the first day of school, they would have informed the teacher that they felt like girls and demanded to use the girl’s restroom. Thus, some good could have come from sexually integrated restrooms: keeping these boys in school.
    We are witnessing big business bullying North Carolina with the extortion of threatened boycotts. The reason for this bullying has more to do with the bottom line than with equality. If restrooms were sexually integrated, the cost of new construction could be reduced by cutting restroom facilities in half. No longer would they have to build restrooms for women and for men. They need only build one for all.
    Some people condemn the General Assembly for being proactive with the voters’ identification law and the restroom segregation law to prevent problems before they occur. Yet many of these same people condemn the General Assembly for not being proactive when problems do occur, such as the coal ash spill.
    Most of these people denounce the General Assembly for selling out to big business on the coal ash issue. Now they denounce the General Assembly for not selling out to big business on the sexual integration of restroom issue.
    Go figure! I guess it depends on one’s agenda, whether the General Assembly should be proactive.

Copyright © 2016 by Thomas Coley Allen.

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Race Riots

Race Riots

Thomas Allen

    The table below summarizes major race riots in the United States since the Supreme Court’s desegregation decision of 1954, i.e., the beginning of the Second Reconstruction (v. “The Second Reconstruction” by Thomas Allen) to 2015. Most authors whose books were written between 1955 and 1963 promoting desegregation, integration, and “civil rights” predicted that most racial strife would be in the South. They expected at worse some minor problems outside the South. This table shows that they were false prophets. Between 1954 and 2015, more than twice as many riots have occurred outside the South. In the states of the old Confederacy plus Kentucky, the South, 16 race riots have occurred. In the states of the Union plus Nebraska and less Kentucky that invaded and conquered the South 37 race riots occurred. The data in this table are based on the Wikipedia article “List of ethnic riots” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots).

Copyright © 2016 by Thomas Coley Allen

Flag Day Speech

Flag Day Speech

[Editor’s note: The following speech was delivered by Thomas Allen, President of the First Flag Chapter of the Children of the Confederacy, March 1996, at the First Flag Day Ceremony in Louisburg, N.C.]

    We are gathered here to commemorate the first official flag of the Confederate States of American. Major Orren Randolph Smith of Franklin County designed that flag. Using Smith’s design, Catherine Rebecca Murphy, assisted by her aunt and Nora Sykes, made the flag in Louisburg.
    In March 1861 this flag flew over the Franklin County courthouse square where we now stand. It flew two months before North Carolina seceded. The monument in front of the courthouse honors this event.
    Major Smith was an ardent secessionist. He realized that armed conflict was inevitable. Knowing the value of a flag as a symbol, he set about designing one.
    He designed the flag upon the idea of the trinity. The three bars represented church, state, and press. The church stood for Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. The state stood for legislative, judicial, and executive. The press stood for speech, liberty of conscience, and the right to be heard. The three colors of the flag were white, blue, and red. White represented purity; blue, constancy; red, defiance.
    Each state of the Confederacy was represented by a star. The original flag contained seven stars. When Smith designed the flag there were only seven states in the Confederacy: South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.
    Major Smith brought Miss Murphy material to make a model flag. She did as directed. The model measured 12 by 15 inches. After she had made the model flag, Major Smith sent it to Congress in Montgomery, Alabama. On [March 4, 1861] Congress adopted Smith’s design as the official flag of the Confederacy. Major Smith’s flag became known as the Stars and Bars.
    When he learned that his design was accepted as the flag of the Confederate States of America, he brought material to Miss Murphy and had her make a large flag. This flag was identical to his model. This flag was made of dress material. It measured 9 by 12 feet.
    Monday, March 18, 1861, Major Smith raised this flag on this square. This was the first Confederate flag ever displayed in this part of North Carolina. It flew two months before North Carolina seceded.
    The ladies of Louisburg made a copy of Smith’s flag and presented it to the Franklin Rifles. This flag was made of silk and had a heavy silver fringe. On one side of its blue field was North Carolina’s coat of arms. On the other side was a circle of stars and an inscription. The inscription read, “Our lives to liberty. Our souls to God. Franklin Rifles. Presented by the Ladies of Louisburg, N. C. April 27th, 1861.” The Franklin Rifles carried this flag until the Confederate Battle Flag was adopted.
    In March 1961 Franklin County turned out to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Major Smith’s flag. This was perhaps the largest celebration ever held in Franklin County. The Franklin County Board of Commissioners, the local Jaycees, and other civic groups actively participated in the celebration. There was a large parade. Speeches were made in front of this courthouse. Replicas of the Stars and Bars flew in front of all businesses and many private homes. The Board of Commissioners decreed that the flag should fly over the courthouse for all to see.
    The flag flew over the courthouse for a year or two. Then It was taken down, never to fly again except a few minutes over the past several Marches.
    Franklin County should be proud of the flag that Major Smith designed. The Stars and Bars should fly over this courthouse every day — not just a few minutes in March. Why is it not flying every day? The time has come to bring the flag out of the closet. The time has come for the flag to be returned to its rightful spot in front of this courthouse.

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Difference Between Bank Notes and Government Notes

Difference Between Bank Notes and Government Notes

Thomas Allen

    Today, governments notes serve as money. They are issued either directly by governments or, more often, indirectly through their central banks. Notes issued by central banks are often called bank notes, but they are functionally the same as government notes. However, some significant and important differences exist between bank notes under the gold standard and government notes.
    As long as bank notes represent newly manufactured consumer goods (goods expected to be sold in less than 91 days to the final consumer), they are wholly beneficial in their effect. They replace a corresponding amount of gold in the form of coin and reduce the cost of distribution. On the other hand, government notes are wholly maleficent in their effect; they are an unmitigated evil. The worst effect of government notes is that they impoverish the masses by transferring their wealth to the wealthy few resulting in economic stagnation.
    When properly issued, bank notes always evidence capital that provides the means for their retirement. They represent the gold value of merchandise that will be sold in less than 91 days — thus, providing the means for their retirement. They are instruments of distribution and facilitate trade. A person exchanging the bill of exchange for bank notes pays the bank a discount on the bill. Bank notes maintain a direct relationship between money and production and consumption. (Production produces the money needed for consumption of the products produced under the real bills doctrine.) The holder of bank notes can convert them to gold on demand. Thus, bank notes circulate at par with coin. At least two parties, the maker and endorser of the bill discounted, guarantee the notes issued to buy the bill. Bank notes are not legal tender and can circulate without being legal tender. They respond to and serve the needs of the commerce. When their work is done, they are removed from circulation. When the bill representing the merchandise that a bank has converted to bank notes is paid, the payment extinguishes the bank notes. “Their use largely increases the amount of coin in a country, from the powerful influence they exert in enlarging its production and trade, the coin, and paper representing merchandise of equal value, circulating side by side in proportions to suit the public convenience.”[1] Although the quantity of bank notes can fluctuate greatly, their issue and retirement do not lead to price inflation or deflation because they represent new goods being sold in the market. As long as bank notes are issued only for real bills, bank notes can never be over issued. They will not cause prices to rise because they disappear as the merchandise that they represent is sold. They will always remain at par with gold.
    Government notes function entirely differently than bank notes. As government notes do not represent anything being offered for sell, they lose value and raise prices. When used to buy goods, they continue to exist and can be used multiple times to buy consumable goods. They are completely independent of commerce. They do not evidence capital. To the contrary, their purpose is to transfer capital to the issuing government. The government is always a borrower of money and wealth and never a lender. Government notes are not automatically retired; they are retired at the prerogative, whim, and discretion of the issuing government. The government does not issue its notes to discount bills, and they do not represent anything that is immediately available for sale for specie. No interest or discount is connected to the issue of government notes.  Because the government cannot pay its notes in specie on demand, its notes are never made payable on demand. (If it could pay on demand; it would not have to issue notes.) Not representing capital, they become instruments of excess consumption that leads to price inflation. Government notes destroy the relationship between money and production and consumption. Once issued, government notes never disappear until the government decides to retire them. If they were not legal tender, they would have difficulty circulating.

As they are always the last resort of exhaustion and incompetency, they are always made legal tender in the discharge of contracts equally with coin as a necessary condition of getting them into circulation. Otherwise no one would receive them as money. Such provision may for a time give them a high value, but can never raise them to the value of coin, for the reason that they can serve only one function of coin — the payment of debts. . . . They lose a considerable portion of their value so soon as the debts existing at the time of their issue are discharged, as no one will contract to receive them at a future day as the equivalent of coin. Their value, consequently, comes to depend upon the time that, in public opinion, is to elapse before they are paid.[2]

Government notes promise to pay with no provision for payment. They are debt payable at the pleasure of the issuing government. Such payment is almost never made.
    Economics drives the issue of bank notes and determine the quantity in circulation. Politics drives the issue of government notes and determines the quantity in circulation. Government notes are low quality currency. As long as the real bills doctrine is followed and the gold standard is maintained, bank notes are high quality currency.

Endnotes

1.  Henry V. Poor, Resumption and the Silver Question: A Hand-Book for the Times (1878, Rpt. 1969), p. 11.

2. Ibid., p. 12.
Copyright © 2014 by Thomas Coley Allen.

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Do Bank Notes Cease Representing Merchandise?

Do Bank Notes Cease Representing Merchandise?

Thomas Allen

    Under the gold standard, banks often use bank notes to buy real bills of exchange.[1] That is, banks convert real bills of exchange (commercial credit money) into bank notes (bank credit money). Thus, these bank notes represent the merchandise that the bill represents.
    Many opponents of the real bills doctrine admit that when a bill is converted into bank notes, these bank notes represent the merchandise represented by the bill. However, they also claim that as these bank notes pass to other hands, this representation is lost. They represent merchandise to the person receiving them via selling the bill to the bank. However, when the person to whom the bank gives the bank notes spends them, these bank notes cease representing merchandise. They are now merely currency representing nothing — neither merchandise nor specie. This is true even though these bank notes are convertible in gold or merchandise.
    (If these opponents of the real bills doctrine are consistent, the same argument is true when a person sells gold to a bank for bank notes, i.e., converts specie to bank notes. These bank notes represent gold to the person receiving the bank notes from the bank. However, when he spends the bank notes, these bank notes cease representing gold and begin representing nothing although they can be used to buy gold from the issuing bank [redeemed] or merchandise in the markets.)
    To the contrary, these bank notes continue to represent merchandise no matter how often they are spent or how many hands through which they pass. That duty is never discharged until they are returned to the issuing bank. Then they are retired. All bank notes not lost eventually return to the issuing bank.
    Bank notes issued for a particular bill may continue to circulate for months after that bill has been paid and extinguished. However, that does not make these bank notes inflationary. An equivalent amount of purchasing media (gold, other bank notes, or checkbook money) has been removed from circulation to pay the bill.
    Opponents of the real bills doctrine who use this argument never describe the process by which bank notes cease representing merchandise. They do not because they cannot. They cannot because bank notes never cease representing merchandise. To do so, they have to transmute bank notes from something into nothing.
    Much of the confusion about bank notes comes from observing the actions of  government notes and nonconvertible bank notes issued by a central bank for its government. These notes are not tied to merchandise and do not represent merchandise. They represent nothing except the government’s credit, i.e., the government’s ability to force its subjects to surrender their property to it, commonly called the government’s ability to tax. Because no relationship exists between government notes and new goods entering the markets, government notes are inflationary. (Under the real bills doctrine, bank notes are directly tied to new goods entering the markets and can only increase as the quantity of new goods increase.) Being inconvertible, government notes lack quality and trade at a discount to gold coin.
    Additional confusion comes from observing bank notes issued by banks that have suspended convertibility. All the checks offered by convertibility are lost. Banks can over issue bank notes deliberately (e.g., buying treasury bills and bills of accommodation) or accidently (e.g., buying bills that are not paid). Like government notes, these bank notes lose quality and become inflationary, i.e., trade at a discount to gold coin.
    If the gold standard and convertibility into gold remains, bank notes issued to buy real bills of exchange represent merchandise and maintain the same quality as gold coin. They never cease representing merchandise and are not inflationary regardless of their quantity.

Endnote

1. Most of the time banks buy real bills of exchange by crediting the seller’s checking account with the amount of the purchase. This checkbook money is functionally the same as bank notes. They are both forms of bank credit money. Both represent merchandise. The only real difference is that bank notes often pass through more hands before returning to the issuing bank for cancellation.

Copyright © 2014 by Thomas Coley Allen.

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Bank Notes and the Real Bills Doctrine

Bank Notes and the Real Bills Doctrine

Thomas Allen

    Under the real bills doctrine, bank notes are not fully backed by gold under the gold standard. They represent the items on a real bill of exchange that has been converted into bank notes.
    As Moutein notes, a real bill of exchange is commercial money, which can be used to discharge debt. As such when a bank buys a bill with bank notes it is converting one form of money, commercial money, into another form of money, bank notes. The same process happens when a person deposits a gold coin in his checking account. The bank converts the gold coin into checkbook money.
    Proponents of 100-percent gold standard claim that bank notes are, or should be, receipts for gold. Bank notes are, or should be, certificates backed 100 percent by gold.
    Although bank notes can be redeemed in gold under the gold standard, it is not specifically a receipt for gold. It is a coupon, so to speak, that can be redeemed in whatever is being offered in the market. However, it is not a coupon for a specific item. Like a gold certificate, it is a general coupon. That is, it is redeemable in whatever is being offered for sale in the markets. Gold is only among the many products available in the markets into which a bank note can be redeemed. A gold certificate is a warehouse receipt for gold that can be redeemed for other things being offered in the markets.
    Like gold certificates, bank notes are either canceled against other forms of credit money (other bank notes, gold certificates, and checkbook money) or is converted to gold and canceled.


Copyright © 2014 by Thomas Coley Allen.

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