The American Indian: Part 2

The American Indian: Part 2: Types Continued

Thomas Allen 

    A. C. Haddon (1925)  identifies six racial types of the American Indians. They are the Eskimo, Northwest Coast Amerind, Northern Amerind, Neo-Amerind, Tehuelche, Paleo-Amerind or Lagoa Santa type. A description of each type follows:

    1. Eskimo:[41] Skin color: brownish- or reddish-yellow. Head hair: black, straight, leiotrichy. Face: flat, very broad; prominent cheekbones. Eyes: black, straight; epicanthic fold occasionally occurs. Head shape: very dolichocephalic; some mesocephalic; very low; very high. Feet and Hands: relatively small hands and feet. Stature: short to medium.

    Eskimos range along the Arctic Coast from Greenland across Canada and Alaska into extreme northeast Asia.

    2. Northwest Coast Amerind:[42] Skin color: lighter than Northern Amerind. Head hair: lighter than Northern Amerind; frequently brownish; frequently slightly wavy; leiotrichy. Face: very broad; moderate height in north to great height in south. Nose: in north: concave or straight, rarely convex, of slight elevation; in south: very high, rather narrow, frequently convex. Head shape: brachycephalic. Body characteristics: short body; long arms. Stature: medium (below average in south; above average in north).

    Northwest Coast Amerinds are found along the northwest coast of North America from the northern border of Washington to 60̊ north latitude. The Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and Kwakiutl are of this type.

    3. Northern Amerind:[43] Skin color: yellow-brown. Head hair: black; long; straight; leiotrichy. Nose: straight or aquiline. Head shape: dolichocephalic; mesocephalic with tendency toward brachycephalic. Stature: tall.

    Northern Amerinds are the Indians of the Plains and northern and eastern woodlands of North America. North Amerinds include the Cree, Ojibway (Chippewa), Sioux, Fox, Micmac, Huron, and Iroquois.

    4. Neo-Amerind:[44] Skin color: warm yellowish brown; cinnamon. Head hair: black; long; straight; leiotrichy. Nose: straight or concave; rarely aquiline. Head shape: brachycephalic. Stature: short to tall.

    Neo-Amerinds are the Indians of the North American plateau, Central America, and South America. Among the Neo-Amerinds are the Huaxteca, Totonac, Warrau, Arawak, Wapiana, and Carib.

    5. Tehuelche:[45] Skin color: brown, dark coppery. Head hair: black; long; straight; lank; leiotrichy. Head shape: brachycephalic. Statue: very tall.

    Tehuelche are found in Patagonia south of Rio Negro and in Tierra del Fuego. The Tehuelche and Pampeans of Patagonia are of this type. The Ona of Tierra del Fuego and the Borroro of Matto Grosso are also of the Tehuelche type.

    6. Paleo-Amrind:[46] Skin color: yellow, brownish, or reddish-yellow. Head hair: black; wavy or curly, smooth; leiotrichy. Face: prominent brow ridge; narrow fore-head; long face. Eyes: deep set. Nose: leptorrhine; sunk; narrow at root. Head shape: formerly very dolichocephalic, now mostly mesocephalic; hypsicephalic with high vault; small skull, archaic. Stature: short.

    Although Paleo-Americans ranged over a large area in the past, today they are found in only a few places in South America. In eastern Brazil they are found among the Tapuya, such as Botocudo (Aymoro or Buru). This type is also found in southern Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, the islands of western and southern Chile and the coast of Ecuador. Besides the Botocudo, the Yaghan and Alakaluf are also of this type.

    Remy Cottevieille-Giraudet (1928)[47] identifies five basic racial types of American Indians. They are H. s. atlanticus or Cro-Magnon, which corresponds to Deniker’s North American; H. s. asiaticus, which corresponds to Deniker’s Central American; H. s. oceanicus, which corresponds to Deniker’s South American or Lagoa Santa; H. s. australensis, an Australoid, which is nearly extinct; and H. s. hyperboreus or Eskimo.

    A description of each of the first three subspecies follows:

    H. s. atlanticus: “Very tall dolichocephals with short, extremely wide face, protruding cheekbones, prominent and leptorrhine nose, well-defined chin, stiff black hair, normal eyes, dark reddish skin.”[48]

    H. s. asiaticus: “Short stature, brachycephals, with euryene, flat and rounded face, prominent cheekbones, wide flattened nose, stiff dark hair, eye with epicanthic fold, yellowish skin.”[49]

    H. s. oceanicus: “Hyperdolichocephals of medium height, with small skull, short and wide face pyramidal in appearance; mesorrhine nose, sometimes concave; wavy hair; brownish skin.”[50]

    J. Imbelloni (1943) provides one of the most extensive classifications. He identifies eleven racial types of American Indians. They are as follows:

    1. Subartids (Eickstedt's Eskimids, Sergi’s Hesperanthropus Columbii eskimensis,  Biasulti's H. sapiens neo-arcticus, Brinton’s Arctic Group, Deniker’s Eskimo, Haddon’s Eskimo): Skin color: yellowish-brown. Head hair: black, coarse and stiff. Face: pentagonoid; broad; extreme development of the jaws and cheekbones. Eyes: epicanthic fold present in a large percentage. Nose: rather prominent. Head shape: mostly dolichocephalic although there are meso- and even brachycephalic occur in Alaska; keel-shaped. Body characteristics: plump and sturdy; arms and legs relatively short; the Mongolian or sacral spot is frequently present. Feet and hands: small. Statue: medium.

    “They inhabit the Arctic coast from northeast Asia to Greenland.”[52]

    2. Columbids (Eickstedt's Pacijids, Biasutti's Aleutian race, Briton’s Northern Pacific Group, Deniker’s Pacific North American, Haddon’s Northwest Coast Amerind):[53] Skin color: light. Facial hair: sparse. Head shape:  very brachycephalic. Body characteristics: the trunk is short and compact; very long arms and short legs. Stature: tall or medium.

    “They occupy the North American northwest on the Pacific coast from Alaska to the Columbia River.”[54]

    3. Planids (Eickstedt's Sylvids; Sergi’s  H.c. planitiae, Biasutti's Dakota race, Brinton’s North Atlantic Group, Deniker’s Atlantic North American, Haddon’s Northern Amerind):[55] Skin color: reddish-brown skin, rather light. Head hair: dark. Face: high cheekbones; extreme physiognomic sexual dimorphism. Eyes: dark iris. Nose: long and aquiline. Chin: square, heavy, protruding. Head shape: mesocephalic. Stature: tall.

    “They inhabit the region in North America from Alaska to the Atlantic bounded on the north by the Arctic zone and on the south by the Rocky Mountains and Alleghenies, penetrating deeply into the Mississippi basin.”[56]

    4. Sonorids (Eickstedt's Margids, Biasutti's Sonorid race, Sergi's H.c. sonorae, Brinton’s North Pacific and Mexico Groups, Deniker’s Pacific North American and Atlantic North American): Skin color:  much darker than Planids, with reddish highlights. Face: narrow receding forehead; face with rounded contours. Head shape: mesocephalic; small head. Body characteristics: macroskelia. Statue: rather tall.

    “They occupy the Pacific Coast south of the Columbia River, that is, the States of Oregon and California and also the State of Sonora (Mexico), west of the occidental Sierra Madre."[57]

    5. Pueblo-Andids (Eickstedt's Andids, Sergi's H.c. andinus, Biasutti's Pueblo-andid race, Brinton’s North Pacific and Mexican Groups [Pueblo] and South Pacific Group [Andids], Deniker’s Pacific North American [Pueblo] and South American [Andids], Haddon’s Neo-Amerind):[58] Skin color: variable with dark pigmentation predominating. Head hair: straight, coarse; black. Body hair:  sparse. Face: short face; large bizygomatic diameter. Nose: broad base but prominent bridge. Head shape: meso- and brachycephalic; small head without platycephaly. Body characteristics: extremely developed trunk in relation to the extremities. Stature: short.

    “They are found in two areas; the so-called Pueblo Indians live to the north in the basins of the Grande, Colorado, and part of the Gila and Salado Rivers (Arizona, New Mexico). In the south they inhabit the Andean highlands of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and Argentina. These are called the Andids.”[59]

    6. Isthmids (Eickstedt's Centralids, Biasutti's Pueblo-andid race, subrace Isthmid, Brinton’s Inter Isthmus Group, Deniker’s Central American, Haddon’s Neo-American):[60] Head hair: black; straight, coarse. Face: broad and short. Eyes: black, extremely pigmented iris. Nose: wide at the base and platyrrhine. Head shape: brachycephalic. Chin: receding. Body characteristics: brachyskelic. Statue: short.

    “They inhabit the south of Mexico and extend as far as Colombia, although the limits in this zone are rather uncertain.”[61]

    7. Amazonids (Eickstedt's Brasilids, Sergi's H.c. amazonicus, Biasutti's Amazonid race, Brinton’s South Atlantic Group, Deniker’s South American, Haddon’s Neo-Amerind):[62] Skin color: varying skin tones with a yellow base. Head shape: dolichoids tending to bracycephaly. Body characteristics: robust body; long strong arms and relatively weak and short legs. Statue: medium or short.

    “They occupy a very broad zone from west to east that extends from the Andes to the Atlantic, including the Amazon and Orinoco basins, infiltrating to the south by way of the Paraguay River to the Rio de la Plata.”[63]

    8. Pampids (Eickstedt's Patagonids, Sergi's H.c. patagonicus,  Biasutti's Pampid race, Brinton’s South Atlantic Group, Deniker’s Pampeans, Haddon’s Tehulche):[64] Skin color: intense skin pigmentation with reddish tones. Head hair: straight, coarse. Face: long face; heavy protruding cheekbones. Nose: leptorrhine. Chin: heavy and pronounced. Head shape: brachycephalic in the case of deformed skulls while the Onas and also the inhabitants of the Chaco are dolichocephalic; the skull is large and very thick. Body characteristics: robust skeleton, at times enormous but harmonious in proportions. Statue: tall and even very tall.

    “They are localized in a zone of the Matto-Grosso, Brazil, the central plains of Argentina including the ‘banda oriental or eastern belt,’ and the southern steppes as far as Tierra del Fuego.”[65]

    9. Laguids (Eickstedt's Lagids Biasutti’s Lagid, Brinton’s South American Group, Deniker’s South American):[66] Face: wide, low face. Nose: platyrrhine. Head shape: markedly dolichocephalic; high cranial vault, hypsicephalic. Body characteristics: the shoulders, chest, arms and legs more developed and muscular than in the Amazonids; sexual dimorphism quite marked. Statue: short.

    “They inhabit the eastern highlands of Brazil, besides certain isolated nuclei in the southernmost part of the California Peninsula, ancient burials in Coahuila (Mexico), various shell mounds along the Chilean coast, etc.”[67]

    10. Fueguids (Eickstedt's Lagids, Biasutti’s Magallanic or Fueguid race, Brinton’s South Atlantic and South Pacific Groups, Deniker’s Paleo-American, Haddon’d Paleo-Amerind):[68] Face: narrow forehead, long face; well developed brow-ridges. Nose: leptorrhine. Head shape: dolichocephalic; platycephalic. Body characteristics: under-developed legs. Statue: short.

    “The area of dissemination is discontinuous as occurred with the Pueblo-Andids. Their principal focus is in Tierra del Fuego, but they have also been found on the Chilean coast, in shell mounds of Valdivia, Talcahuano, Coquimbo; among the Piaroa, Goajiro and Motilon Indians of Colombia; in northern California; among the Botocudos of the Atlantic Coast and the extinct Sambaquis.”[69]

    11. Appalachids (Eickstedt’s Sylvids, Biasutti’s Alleganys or Appalachids, Brinton’s North Atlantic, Deniker’s North American, Haddon’s Northern Amerind) are the Huron-Iroquois. Comas does not provide Imbelloni’s description. A compilation of various sources yields the following description: Face: high protruding forehead; low, broad orbits; prominent cheekbones; short extremely wide face. Nose: medium narrow; generally aquiline. Chin: pronounced. Head shape: dolichocephalic; pentagonoid skull. Statue: tall.

    They inhabit the region from Newfoundland to South Carolina in the east and Louisiana and Mississippi in the west and from the Atlantic to east Illinois and Louisiana in the west.[70]

    Carleton S. Coon (1965) like Brinton sees uniformity among the American Indians. He identifies two racial types: Eskimos and Aleuts and all the other Indians. Eskimos and Aleuts are Siberian Mongoloids. The remainder are Mongoloids who descended from a small band that crossed the Bearing Straight toward the end of the Wisconsin glaciation.[71]

Endnotes ‒ Continued
41. A.C. Haddon, The Races of Man and Their Distribution (New York, New York: The Macmillian Company, 1925), p. 31.

42. Ibid., p. 36.

43. Ibid., pp. 32-33.

44. Ibid., p. 35.

45. Ibid., pp. 35-36, 145.

46. Ibid., p. 24.

47. Juan Comas, Manual of Physical Anthropology, Revised and enlarged English edition (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas • Publisher, 1960).  pp. 634-635.

48. Ibid., p. 634.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid., p. 635.

51. Ibid., pp. 637-638.

52. Ibid., p. 637.

53. Ibid., p. 639.

54. Ibid.

55. Ibid.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid.

58. Ibid., p. 640.

59. Ibid., pp. 639-640.

60. Ibid., p. 640.

61. Ibid.

62. Ibid.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid., pp. 640-641.

65. Ibid., p. 640.

66. Ibid., p. 643.

67. Ibid.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid.

70. Ibid.

71. Carleton S. Coon, and Edward E. Hunt, Jr., The Living Races of Man (New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1965), pp.152-154.


Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Coley Allen.

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 More articles on anthropology. 

The American Indian: Part 1

    The American Indian: Part 1: Types

   Thomas Allen

    The American Indian is a subspecies of the great Turanian species of man although an argument can be made that he is a species in his own right. An exception is the Paleo-American (Haddon) or Fuegian (Imbelloni), whom others call Laguian and Magallanic, should be considered part of the Australian or Indo-Australian species.

    A general description of the American Indian follows:[1]
    Skin color:  generally, various shades of brown with a reddish undertone, yellowish-brown; reddish or coppery; cinnamon; burnt coffee; some very dark brown; some yellowish.
    Hair color:  black or black with faint reddish undertone.
    Head hair:  long, straight, coarse, stiff; occasionally fine and silky or slightly wavy or curly; round in transverse section; thick, baldness rare.
    Facial hair:  beardless or nearly beardless although some have beards.
    Body hair:  scant, weakly developed.
    Face:  large, broad.
    Jaws:  massive with moderate, though sometimes weak, projection; predominately mesognathous although some orthognathous.
    Cheekbone:  moderately prominent or prominent; wide.
    Forehead:  straight or slightly sloping; well-developed superciliary ridge.
    Eyes:  moderately wide eye slot; small; round; straight; sunken; eye slits straight or moderately oblique.
    Eye color:  dark brown or black; bluish conjunctiva in child, pearly white in adolescent, dirty-yellowish in adult.
    Eyelids:  fold on upper eyelids, but epicanthus very rare except in Eskimo and found only in males.
    Nose:  mesorrhine or leptorrhine; large, prominent, highly projecting; medium to very high bridge; usually aquiline although occasionally straight; base average width.
    Lips:  medium; sometimes thick.
    Mouth:  large.
    Teeth:  mesodont, medium; shovel-shaped upper incisors; deeply concave.
    Chin:  medium; well developed.
    Ears:  rather large.
    Head shape:  variable; mesocephalic typical although dolichocephalic or brachycephalic common.
    Cranial volume:  slightly less than Aryan’s.
    Cranial walls:  slightly thinker than Aryan’s.
    Body characteristics:  mesomorphous or brachymorphous; medium or short legs compared to trunk; typically rather slender calf; medium length neck; chest deeper than Aryan’s; moderate lumbar curvature; arms longer in proportion to other members than in Aryans, but not as much as in Negroes; the disproportion between the female pelvic region and shoulders is less marked than in Aryans.
    Female breast:  more or less conical in form.
    Feet and hands:  moderate but smaller than Aryan of same height.
    Statute:  short to tall, generally above average.
    Body odor:  generally free.
    Pulse:  slow.
    Expression:  stolid (caused by strong tonus of the muscles) except Eskimo who expresses a happy face.
    Temperament:  generally reserve; moody, taciturn, wary; deep feelings masked by an impassive exterior towards strangers; indifference to physical pain; high sense of personal dignity though somewhat colored in romance; keen sense of justice.

    No consensus exists on the number of racial types of Indians. They range from one or two to more than eleven. Below are a few of these classifications.

    Daniel G. Brinton (1890) contends that only slight variation exists among the American Indians. He divides them by regions into seven groups. They are:
    1. Arctic Group:[2] Skin color: dark. Hair: black, coarse. Facial hair: Scant. Face: check bones high. Head: long, dolichocephalic. Statue: medium.

    They stretch from the Aleutian Islands along the west coast of Alaska to the Arctic Ocean then along the Arctic coast to the Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador,  and Greenland.[3]

    2. North Atlantic Group:[4] Skin color: varies but tends toward brown. Face: broad: prominent cheek bones. Head shape: long. Body characteristics: superior muscular development. Statue: average.

    They inhabit the region between the crests of the Rocky Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.[5]

    3. North Pacific Group: Brinton provides no description.

    They range along the Pacific coast from the southern coast of Alaska south to Mexico and east through New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado.[6]

    4. Mexican Group:[7] Skin color: light to dark brown. Head hair: occasionally wavy. Facial hair: presents more beard than most other Indians. Face: broad, narrow forehead. Nose: prominent. Ears: large. Head shape: long or medium, though a few are brachycephalic. Body characteristics: strongly built and muscular. Statue: medium or less.

    They inhabit Mexico.[8]

    5. Inter-Isthmian Group:[9] Skin color: dark. Nose: prominent. Head shape: usually long, dolichocephalic. Body characteristics: muscular force superior. Statue: medium height.

    They range between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Isthmus of Panama.[10]

    6. South Atlantic Group:[11] Skin color: dark (Bakairi), dark olive-brown (Tehuelche). Eyes: long, narrow (Fuegians). Nose: well-shaped. (Fuegians); large, narrow (Bakairi). Lips: thin. Mouth: wide. Head shape: long skulls (Fuegians, Bakairi). Body characteristics: robust (Tehuelche); finely formed (Bakairi). Statue: tall (Tehuelche).

    They stretch from Haiti and the Lesser Antilles through Brazil, across the Pampas to the tip of South America and from the Andes to the Atlantic.[12]

    7. South Pacific Group:[13] Face: round. Nose: short, rather flattened. Head shape: brachycephalic. Body characteristics: robust. Statue: tall.

    They range along the Pacific Coast of South American inland into the Andes.[14]

    J. Deniker (1900) identifies seven racial types of the American Indian. They are the Paleo-American, Patagonian, South American, Central American, Atlantic North American, Pacific North American, and Eskimo. He describes them as follows:

    1. Paleo-American:[15] Skin color: yellow. Head hair: wavy even frizzy. Body hair: scant. Eyes: dark or black. Nose: prominent, straight or concave. Head shape: dolichocephalic. Statue: short.

    They are found in a small part of California and the western and southern coast of Tierra del Fuego.[16]

    2. Patagonian:[17] Skin color: warm yellow. Head hair: straight. Face: square. Nose: straight. Head shape: brachycephalic. Statue: tall.

    They inhabit the Chaco, Pampas, and Patagonia, i.e., the area south of 30̊  latitude and east of the Andes.[18]

    3. South American:[19] Skin color: yellow. Head hair: straight although wavy found in some. Body hair: scant, Face: cheekbone slightly prominent to prominent. Nose: prominent, aquiline. Head shape: mesocephalic, some brachycephalic. Body Characteristics: broad chest; typically thick set. Statue: short although some tall.

    They occupy the Antilles and most of South America north of 30̊  latitude. They also inhabit Chile and the southern Andes.[20]

    4. Central American:[21] Skin color: warm yellow to dark brown. Head hair: straight. Face: high prominent cheek bones. Nose: prominent, aquiline or straight. Head shape: brachycephalic. Statue: short.

    They range from central Mexico through Central America.[22]

    5. Atlantic North American:[23] Skin color: warm yellowish. Nose: straight or aquiline. Head shape: mesocephalic. Statue: tall.

    They occupy most of the United States and Canada into Mexico.[24]

    6. Pacific North American:[25] Skin color: warm yellowish. Head hair: straight. Body hair:  better developed pilous system. Face: rounded though some elongated. Eyes: straight. Nose: straight or aquiline. Head shape: sub-brachycephalic or brachycephalic; more rounded than Atlantic North American. Statue: tall but shorter than Atlantic North American.

    They inhabit Alaska and British Columbia through Oregon and California down into Baja California and Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico and eastward into Arizona and New Mexico and southern Utah and northern Mexico.[26]

    7. Eskimo:[27] Skin color: brownish yellow. Head hair: straight. Face: round, flattened; projecting cheekbones. Eyes: black, straight. Nose: somewhat prominent. Lips: rather thick. Head shape: dolichocephalic. Statue: short.

    They range from Greenland along the Arctic coast of Canada to the mouth of the Copper River, Alaska.[28]

    Ronald B. Dixon (1923) identifies eight basic racial types based on three indexes. These indexes are the cephalic index, length-height index, and nasal index. The first six contributed to the formation of today’s Indians. The last two contributed little or nothing. The eight racial types are:[29]

    1. Proto-Negro: dolichocephalic, hypsicephalic, platyrrhine.
    2. Proto-Australoid: dolichocephalic, camaecephalic, platyrrhine.
    3. Mediterranean: dolichocephalic, camaecephalic, leptorrhine.
    4. Caspian: dolichocephalic, hypsicephalic, leptorrhine.
    5. Alpine: brachycephalic, hypsicephalic, leptorrhine.
    6. Paleo-Alpine: brachycephalic, hypsicephalic, platyrrhine.
    7. Ural: brachycephalic, camaecephalic, leptorrhine.
    8. Mongoloid: brachycephalic, chamaecephalic, platyrrhine.

    By Proto-Negro, Dixon does not mean that these people look like modern-day Negroes with black skin, woolly hair, etc. He means that the cephalic index, length-height index, and nasal index are similar to the skull of the Negro. Likewise, for the other ancestral stock of the Indian, he does not mean that their outward appearances are like those of the people today who bear this label.

    Using these eight basic racial stocks, Dixon identifies six racial types of Indians. They are:

    1. Northeastern Dolichocephals:[30] This group includes “(1) all the Eskimo tribes of Greenland and the Arctic archipelago and those of the mainland living east of Point Barrow in Alaska; (2) the eastern Algonkian tribes south of the St. Lawrence to and including the Lenape or Delaware; and (3) the proto-historic and early historic Iroquoian tribes of Ontario and New York.”[31] They are various mix of Caspian, Mediterranean, Proto-Negroid, and Proto-Australoid types with perhaps some Alpine. The Caspian and Mediterranean type dominate the north and east while the Proto-Negroid and Proto-Australoid dominate in the south and west.

    2. Southwestern Dolichocephals:[32] This group extends “from the southern part of the British Columbia coast south to the tip of Lower California, and eastward through southern Nevada, northern Arizona and southern Utah, into the states of Sonora and Chihuahua in northern Mexico.”[33] They are a mixture of Caspian, Mediterranean, Proto-Australoid, Alpine, and Paleo-Alpine types. The Caspian followed by the Mediterranean dominates northern and southern California. Dominating the Lower California Peninsula is the Proto-Australoid. The Alpine characteristic is found primarily in the south, and the Paleo-Alpine, in the north. As for the Proto-Negro type, it contributes but little; it appears slightly in the Ute and Paiute. In the present population, the Alpine and Paleo-Alpine types dominate while in the ancient population the other three types dominate.

    3. Central Brachycephals:[34] This group covers “(1) what may be called the Plateau Area comprising the region lying west of the Rocky Mountains and south of the Columbia River; (2) an Appalachian Area including the whole of the southeast of the continent, and (3) all the remainder, covering the vast plains which extend from the Gulf of Mexico northward to the Arctic Ocean, together with all the rugged mountain country west of the Rocky Mountains and north of the Columbia.”[35]

    In the Plateau Area, the Paleo-Alpine dominates with some Alpine overlay. Traces of the Mongoloid type are found in the Indians of this area.

    In the Appalachian Area, a mix of Alpines (e.g., Choctaw) and Paleo-Alpine (e.g., Chickasaw and Creeks) occurs. Some dolichocephalic characteristics appear. To the north the Alpine and Paleo-Alpine types overlay the Proto-Australoid and  Proto-Negroid types.

    In the third area, the predominant type is the Alpine. However, toward the southwest, the Paleo-Alpine dominates. The Alpine appears to overlay the Paleo-Alpine in the northwest (British Columbia and Northwest Coast). Moreover, traces of the Mongoloid type (e.g., Ojibwa and Ponca) and Caspian or Mediterranean (e.g., Kiowa, Caddo, and Tonkawa) are found. A considerable amount of the Mediterranean type appears in the Algonkian tribes of the plains (e.g., Blackfoot, Arapaho, and Cheyenne).

    4. Southeastern Dolichocephals:[36] This group is found in “Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, at least the southern portion of the Chilean archipelago, and the coastal districts of Brazil south of Rio Janeiro, where the ancient but not the historic population were of this type.”[37] Among these people, the leptorrhine, dolichocephalic form, i.e., the Caspian type, prevails. However, they show some mix with the Alpine, Proto-Australoid, and Proto-Negroid.

    5. Brazilian Highlands and Western Dolichocephals:[38] They occupy the Brazilian highlands, Chile, and the Pacific coast into Ecuador. In the Brazilian highlands, the ancient population was predominantly Proto-Negroid mixed with about an equal amount of the Proto-Australoid and Caspian. This type is still common today among some tribes, e.g., the Caraya, Arawakan Mehinaku, and Paressi. The other tribes are primarily brachycephalic with a predominance of the platyrrhine element in some (e.g., the Borroro) and the leptorrhine in others (e.g., the Trumai and Aueto). In Chile, they are a mix of the Proto-Negroid and Alpine types with the Proto-Negroid being more prominent in the south.

    6. South American Brachycephals:[39] They are scattered over most of South America, but are concentrated in the western and central regions. They are predominantly of the Alpine type. However, mixes with Paleo-Alpine, Caspian, Mediterranean, and Proto-Australoid are found. In southwest Bolivia, the Paleo-Alpine prevails.

    Because of a lack of data, Dixon does not identify the Indians of Mexico and Central America as an independent group or assign them to another group. Those in the north appear to be predominantly Paleo-Alpine with a large element of Proto-Negroid and Proto-Australoid present. The remainder of the Indians in Mexico is a mixture of Paleo-Alpine and Alpine types. Likewise, for the northern part of Central America, the Indians are Paleo-Alpine and Alpine types. For southern Central America, no data exist.[40]

Endnotes
 1. Robert B. Bean, The Races of Man: Differentiation and Dispersal of Man (New York, New York: The University Society, Inc. 1932) pp.38, 51, 108. Daniel G. Brinton, The American Race (New York, New York: N.D.C. Hodges, Publisher, 1891), pp. 38-40.  Robert Claiborne, “The First Americans” in The Emergence of Man (New York, New York: Time-Life Book, 1973), p. 11. A.H. Keane, Ethnology (London, England: C. J. Clay and Sons, 1896), pp. 228,336-337, 349-350. A.H. Keane, Man: Past and Present, revised and rewritten by A. Hingston Quiggin and A.C. Haddon (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1920), pp. 332-333. A.H. Keane, The World’s Peoples: A Popular Account of Their Body & Mental Characters, Beliefs, Traditions, Political and Social Institutions (New York, New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), p. 22. M. Nesturkh, The Races of Mankind, Translator George Hanna (Moscow, Russia: Progress Publishers, 1963), pp. 28, 93-94. Robert Wauchope, Lost Tribes & Sunken Continents: Myths and Methods in the Study of American Indians (Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, 1962), pp. 28ff.

2. Daniel G. Brinton, Races and Peoples: Lectures of the Science of Ethnography (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, Publisher, [1901]),  pp. 249-250.

3. Ibid., pp. 249-250.

4. Ibid., p. 252.

5. Ibid., pp. 251-257.

6. Ibid., pp. 257-259.

7. Ibid., p. 259.

8. Ibid., pp. 259-263.

9. Ibid., p. 264.

10. Ibid., pp. 263-267.

11. Ibid., pp. 268, 271.

12. Ibid., pp. 267-271.

13. Ibid., p. 276.

14. Ibid., pp. 271-276.

15. J. Deniker, The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography (London, England: Walter Scott, Limited, 1900) pp. 286-292.

16. Ibid., pp. 524, 533, 575.

17. Ibid., p. 286.

18. Ibid., pp. 571-576.

19. Ibid., pp. 286, 292, 547, 550, 554-555, 559, 565, 566, 569.

20. Ibid., pp. 543-571.

21. Ibid., pp. 286, 291, 538, 540.

22. Ibid., pp. 535-542.

23. Ibid., pp. 286, 524.

24. Ibid., pp. 521-530, 535.

25. Ibid., pp. 286, 292, 524, 531, 534.

26. Ibid., pp. 531-534.

27. Ibid., pp. 286, 521.

28. Ibid., pp. 520-521.

29. Roland B. Dixon, The Racial History of Man (New York: New York: Charles Scriber’s Sons, 1923), p. 21.

30. Ibid., pp. 407-414.

31. Ibid., p. 407.

32. Ibid., pp. 415-419.

33. Ibid., p. 415.

34. Ibid., pp. 420-439.

35. Ibid., p. 420.

36. Ibid., pp. 454-458.

37. Ibid., p. 454.

38. Ibid., pp. 459-464.

39. Ibid., pp. 465-472.

40. Ibid., pp. 440-442.

Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Coley Allen.


Part 2   Part 3   Part 4

 More articles on anthropology.

Southern History: Epilogue

Epilogue
Thomas Allen

    The foregoing history of the South should not be interpreted as blaming Yankees, Negroes, carpetbaggers, scalawags, or anyone else except Southerners for the demise of Southern civilization. Southerners have no one to blame for the death of their civilization and the destruction of their heritage but themselves. They have allowed these things to happen with almost no resistance.

    Their ancestors were willing to sacrifice everything that they had to protect the heritage, culture, way of life, economy, political institutions, society, and civilization of the South. In the end, many did sacrificed everything that they had to protect them. Today far too many Southerners belittle and jeer this sacrifice by doing nothing to preserve and rebuild Southern civilization. Even worse too many Southerners have joined the enemies of the South to destroy the few remaining remnants of Southern civilization.

    When rule by military despotism followed defeat on the battlefield, did Southerners submissively endure oppression? When the abolitionists and Radical Republicans tried to use the Negro to destroy the South, did Southerners submissively accept genocide? The answer to both these questions is an emphatic no! They organized to resist military rule and to prevent those who sought to use the Negro in a genocidal war against the South from fulfilling their evil plan. Thus, the Klan was born. (Southern Whites are in the South today only because of the heroic deeds of organizations like the Klan during the early days of Reconstruction.) They also used the weapons of ostracism and boycotting against those who would destroy the South. Once the majority had regained their political rights, or at least enough of their political rights to make their political weight felt, the Klan was abandoned. They had a new and more powerful weapon to use: an established political process that was recognized and accepted by their enemies. Through the political process, they were able to regain control of their States. When the critical moment came when their foes needed the South to keep themselves in power in Washington, a deal was cut. Southerners could govern their internal affairs as they saw fit. They were able to do so unmolested for forty years.

    Unfortunately, Southerners did not achieve economic independence. They did not drive away the quislings within. Too many Southerners let the quislings within convince them to imitate the North. To imitate the North required capital. It required capital that the South had lost during the War and Reconstruction. Thus, came the oppressive debt cycle. Too many Southerners who remained on the farm became virtual serfs of their creditors. Debt drove many, too many, from the farm to the factory. For the most part, the factories to which Southerners fled were designed on the basis of Northern industrialism, i.e., production for mass markets, instead of being designed on the basis of Southern agrarianism, i.e., production on local markets. Again Southerners have no one to blame but themselves. They chose this path. They are the ones who wasted the resources of the South.

    Furthermore, Southerners looked to the North for too many of their cultural needs and too many of their goods. Part of this was the legacy of the antebellum South. In the antebellum South, most of the finer things of life were imported. (Not all of the antebellum South was desirable or virtuous.) A common complaint was, and often still is, that a Southern writer or artist could not be accepted or recognized in the South unless he came via New York. Southerners had, and continue to have, no one to blame but themselves for failing to provide for their cultural needs independent of the North.

    The Gentlemen’s Agreement that ended Reconstruction began to become unraveled with the end of World War I, and the Cold War against the South began. Northern writers, journalists, and politicians, among others, began verbal assaults against the South and the Southern way of doing things. Sadly a number of Southerners joined in this assault. A few brave souls stood against this assault and counterattacked. For the most part, though, Southerners did nothing.

    Worse than nothing, Southerners throw away their political power during this era of the Cold War. Southerners blindly supported the Democratic Party. Even when the Democratic Party was captured by the foes of the South, too many Southern continued to support the Democratic Party. Southerners failed to use their political power to maintain control of the South. They did not use it to replace the leadership of the Democratic Party with persons favorable to the South. (Groups much smaller than the South have been able to capture both parties at various times and bend the parties to their will.) They did not use it to play the Democrats against the Republicans. (Groups much smaller than the South have been able to play successfully one party against the other in order to achieve their agenda.) They did not do what Northerners had done successfully nearly a century ago — that is form a new, essentially regional, political party. (The South made a feeble attempt to form a new political party in 1948 and 1968, but they effectively abandoned the new party soon after each attempt. Here is one time that the South should have imitated the North. The North formed the Republican Party in 1854. Instead of abandoning the party after a failed election, they continued to work for their party. As a result, the Republican Party dominated national politics from 1861 to 1933.) Southerners have no one to blame for their loss of political power but themselves.

    With the loss of their political power came the Second Reconstruction. With the Second Reconstruction came a loss of self-government. The United States government would rule the South during the Second Reconstruction as it did during the First Reconstruction — only more stealthily and covertly. The adversaries of the South have used the Negro much more effectively this time around in their genocidal war to destroy the South and all that is Southern. All that remains is the mop-up operation: the removal of Confederate monuments and the few remaining Confederate emblems and songs. Although Southerners initially meet federal tyranny with protest, it was weak, ineffective, and short-lived. As a result, social conditions have been changed so that the Negro can now be effectively used to breed the Southerners out of existence. Again Southerners have no one to blame but themselves.

    When the Second Reconstruction first began and when the United States government invaded Arkansas, Alabama, and Mississippi, there was much bellicose bravado. Southerners claimed that they would cease employing, feeding, clothing, or otherwise assisting or aiding Negroes if they (Negroes) did not cease their disruptive action. These threats came to nothing. Neither Negroes ceased their disruptive activities nor Southerners ceased their intercourse with Negroes. Southerners claimed that if a showdown was forced on the South, Southerners would prove themselves stronger, smarter, richer, and more numerous than their enemies. The showdown came, and Southerners backed down with little more than a vociferous protest. However, by the late 1960s such defiant boasting ceased because the only thing that Southerners had done was to brag about what they were going to do without doing anything — or if they did act, their actions lasted only for a short time. The enemy had more resolve and patience than the Southerners had. Because they failed to stand their ground and carry out their threats, Southerners have been in retreat ever since.

    What remains of the South, its culture, civilization, and history, must be destroyed if the New World Order is to succeed. If the New World Order’s Nimrodic dream of a world with one government, one race, one culture, and one religion is to succeed, the South must die. The South, the Old South, is the epitome of everything that the New World Order hates and despises and fears and dreads. If the South’s past can be degraded, disgraced, and repudiated, the South will perish: “for a people with no past have no future.” They are a people easily controlled: Because not knowing from where they came, they do not know where they are going. Every compromise made by Southerners in this war is a victory for the New World Order. Southerners still have the power to defeat their enemies. But do they have the will and resolve to use it?

    The South needs to abandon the cruel god of “progress.” The South needs to elevate her philosophical giants instead of ignoring them. The South needs to stop being the tail of a dying kite.

    Instead of presenting a united front against those seeking to destroy them, Southerners bicker among themselves over tactics and strategy. Instead of charging, they argue over who will lead the charge. Instead of attacking, they argue over what to attack. While Southerners waste their vanishing resources fighting among themselves, the reconstructionists are conquering and destroying the South. Tactics, strategy, and objectives are important, but there comes a time for disputation to end and action to begin. That time is long past!

    Southerners need not and should not look to government to save them from the genocidal war being waged against them. Government is the instrument through which the war is being waged. They need not look to the Democratic or Republican Parties to save them. These parties are part of the establishment and government. They are comrades in arms in the war to destroy the South. Southerners need to look to God and themselves if they are to end this genocidal war and save their nation.

    Southerners cannot save themselves until they recognize their enemies. Anyone who supports the New World Order, who supports the concentration and centralization of political or economic power, or who supports integration or miscegenation is an enemy of the South. Anyone who opposes States' rights, who opposes the decentralization and dispersal of political and economic power, or who opposes racial integrity is an enemy of the South.

    If the South dies and if the Southerner perishes, Southerners will have no one to blame but themselves. They will deserve extinction. With rare exceptions, they have offered no resistance to their demise. They are an embarrassment to their ancestors who pledge everything in 1861 in defense of the South and Southern civilization. They have surrendered much of their natural resources to aliens. Often they have even paid aliens to come and exploit them. Instead of perpetuating the best of the antebellum South, they have perpetuated the worse. Instead of generating the finer things of life and satisfying their cultural needs domestically, they import them. What is imported is far too often animus toward the South. Instead of ostracizing and boycotting the destroyers of the South, Southerners far too often support them. Southerners have lost their political power. It is questionable whether they will ever regain it. Southerners have wasted much of their meager resources in attacking the Negro while almost completely ignoring those who manipulate the Negro to destroy the South. If they would concentrate their resources against those who manipulate the Negro, they might well prevent the manipulators from achieving their goal of breeding the Southerner out of existence. If they were able to thwart the manipulators, the Negro problem would, most likely, fade. (This does not exonerate the Negro. He is guilty of having allowed himself to be manipulated.) Southerners continue to offer little or no resistance to the destruction of the South and their death. To illustrate how far the South has sunk, when was the last time a public figure in the South openly condemned the genocidal war being waged against the South? When was the last time a public figure in the South openly condemned miscegenation, the conditions that inevitably lead to miscegenation, or using Negroes to breed Southerners out of existence? If Southerners do not defend the South, no one else will. Why should they? The hour is late. Southern civilization is gasping its last breath. Southerners must act now!

    Where there is no vision the people perish – Proverbs 29:18a.
    I will say to the North, Give up, and to the South, Do not withhold – Isaiah 43:6a.
    But I will remove far off from you the northern army, and will drive him into a land barren and desolate – Joel 2:20a.

Copyright © 1995 by Thomas Coley Allen.

More articles on the South. 

Southern History: The Second Reconstruction

The Second Reconstruction
Thomas Allen

The Second Reconstruction began in 1954. Like the First Reconstruction, the Second Reconstruction is a political assault against the South. It seeks to destroy Southerners by the genocide of integration.

Along with the Second Reconstruction has come an even more intense attack against that which is uniquely Southern: the Confederate flag; songs of the South, such as “Dixie,” “Maryland, My Maryland,” and “Old Virginny;” the immortal, eternal Confederate soldier and the monuments that honor him, etc. Even major corporations have entered the genocidal attack against the South. A major motel company took down the Georgia flag because it bears a Confederate emblem. (This old Georgia flag has been replaced with a new Georgia flag.) A major telecommunication company and a major bank joined the gang to remove the Confederate battle flag from the capitol dome in South Carolina. (The Confederate battle flag has been removed.) Major Southern universities proscribe flying the Confederate flag. At least one university has gone so far as to proscribe flying the flag of the State whose taxpayers support it.

Those who condemn the Confederate flag as being a symbol of slavery, racism, White supremacy, etc., should with more vigor and vehemence condemn the Unites States flag. The United States flag flew over slavery, segregation, and White supremacy in the North before the Confederate flag did, while the Confederate flag did, and after the Confederate flag ceased to in the South.

Blacks have shown no hesitation, concern, or sensitivity about imposing, nay forcing, their company on people who do not want to associate with them. Southerners should not sacrifice the Confederate flag in the name of sensitivity about the feelings of Blacks towards the Confederate flag. Some of those who love that flag see Black hostility towards it as just another attempt to impose the Black man’s will on them to deprive them of one of their few remaining liberties in the Black man’s attempt to establish Black supremacy. If Blacks find the Confederate flag offensive, then they should avoid associating with those who display and revere the flag. After spending a lifetime trying to outlaw freedom of association by forcing their company on others, such an obvious solution cannot be accepted. The Confederate flag must bow to their prejudices.

The Confederate flag flew in Lithuania when the Lithuanians were struggling to free themselves from the oppression of the Soviet Union. The Confederate flag flew in Berlin as the Berlin Wall fell. Oppressed Europeans recognize the Confederate flag for what it is: the symbol of liberty. Perhaps this explains the antagonism against the flag. It represents what the enemies of the South despise: LIBERTY!

That big business is among the leaders in the genocidal war against the South is not difficult to understand. Big business, like all bureaucracies, strives for uniformity. The big corporations generally operate as self-contained businesses. They also strive to become self-contained social entities. They expect employees, especially at the managerial level, to place loyalty to the company (although the company feels no loyalty towards its employees) above loyalty to the community and even often above loyalty to their family and God. Such loyalty to the company makes for highly mobile personnel among its various units. (An employee who does not place the company first seldom advances beyond the lower ranks.) Anything that stands in the way of loyalty to the company and standardization must be destroyed. Because traditional Southerners place loyalty to God, family, and community above all, the Southern way of life must be destroyed. To Southerners, loyalty to the company that employs them ranks down on his list of loyalties. They may be highly loyal to an employer they know personally, but they have difficulty being loyal to an abstract corporation and a board of directors whom they do not know and who are far removed. Thus, big business is among the leaders of the assault against the South.

The role of the establishment media is so obvious, it hardly needs commenting on. The establishment media “revel in smearing the South and Southerners by adjective and innuendo.”[1] These attacks appear not only in editorials but also in so-called objective news articles. The media are also notorious for seeking out the ignorant, inarticulate, uncultured, spokesman to present the pro-Southern view instead of knowledgeable, articulate, respectable spokesman.

One of the most useful and effective weapons being used against Southern males is “affirmative action.” This weapon destroys the White male economically, politically, and socially as it gives other races preferential treatment and special privileges at the expense of White males. But this is not the worst aspect. The most hideous aspect of affirmative action is that it treats White women as part of the privileged minority. Thus, it attempts to drive a wedge between White men and women and thereby create discord where there should be harmony. The purpose is to drive White women to non-White men. The objective is the demise of the White race.

The Reverend Ray Aycock provides a cogent concise description of what the Second Reconstruction has brought the South:

They have taken over our schools, forced their laws on us, destroyed our customs, mongrelized and brainwashed our children, allowing the murder of millions of unborn children. They used deadly chemicals on our men and theirs, and they performed medical experiments on people that would make Hitler blush. They killed more people than Nazi Germany. They have not only made the sick practice of homosexuality acceptable, but they are glorifying it. They sent a message to all churches in the United States, and it occupied states by telling Bob Jones, the Mormons and the Branch Davidians, “Worship like we tell you or be burned out!” Now they want to tax our products, tobacco, to pay their medical bills.[2]

This sentiment is echoed by the author in Southern Manifesto:

Being a chivalrous, charitable, Christian people, we do not request or require reparation or restitution from those who came to conquer us, to pillage our lands, to plunder our wealth, to imprison our forefathers and friends, to desecrate that which we hold sacred, to destroy our culture and heritage, to pollute our race, to indoctrinate us with alien philosophies, to coerce us to pay tribute to finance our enslavement and their follies, to force us to die in their wars, to corrupt our leaders, to subvert our governments, and to impose multitudes of repugnant and oppressive laws upon us. We require only that they depart and leave us in peace. We recognize that our liberties and prosperity can only be protected and expanded and preserved for ourselves and our posterity through a free and independent confederation of free and independent Southern States.

The South and all that is Southern must be destroyed. It must be remade into the image of Yankeedom. As long as the South retains any of its unique character and identity, the spark of freedom lives. This spark must be smothered out so that all can live under the enslavement of Yankeedom.

As vile as the external forces are in seeking the destruction of the South and the death of the Southerners, those exerted by the New South Southerners are infinitely more satanic. The New South Southerner has sold his soul for what? Nothing of lasting value. He is a worse miscreant than opportunistic demagogic Fourth of July orators that the Reverend James O. Branch described in his sermon on public opinion, “It [public opinion] chains the rebel, Jefferson Davis, in a dungeon because he was the unsuccessful leader of Sovereign States in their assertion of the right of self-government; and, from the throats twenty thousand fourth of July orators, it fills the ears of the unsuccessful rebel in prison with the praise of the successful rebel, George Washington, who led revolting colonies against the armies of their lawful sovereign.”[4] Traitor of tradition and worshiper of “progress” that he is, the New South Southerner admires one and condemns the other because one won and the other lost, although both fought for the same thing. The New South Southerner is worse than a traitor of tradition. He betrays his State, his race, his ancestors, and God — albeit not his gods, for his gods are the god of equality, the god of envy, the god of material progress, and the god of political power. (One wonders why good Southerners keep voting these demagogic quislings into political office.) These are the people whom Richard Weaver described as “the obnoxious professional Southerners. These people have been quite willing to use whatever they possess of Southern inheritance to procure what is, traditionally, anti-Southern, and they have been impatient with those who remind them of the contradiction.”[5]

The New South Southerner is typified by George Allen, a Republican Governor of Virginia. He is a scalawag who has nothing but total contempt for Southern heritage. He offered Disney millions of dollars to destroy battlefields on which many patriotic Southerners shed their blood for independence. Disney proposed to build a historical theme park. Based on whom Disney chose for its historical advisor, the South would surely have been depicted in a derogatory, ignoble way.

The genocidal war against the South is often overt and obvious, but it also contains its subtle and covert aspects. One of these is in the education of the children of the South. There is much truth in Dr. Hunter McGuire’s assertion that one of the worst crimes committed against the South has been committed by those men “who immediately after the war . . . brought Northern men and Northern historians into our schools and for years employed them to teach us why and how Southern men fought against the North.”[6] The situation in Southern schools today is much worse than when this statement was made a century ago. The South looks to Northerners and Southern renegades to write their history and to teach their children. Why?

Donald Davidson is correct when he writes, “The South, because of its regional differentiations, some of which are certainly valuable, is at a disadvantage, and so long as political and economic power dwells where it long has dwelt, it will continue to be at a disadvantage.”[7] This power has long dwelt in Yankeedom. Only through independence can the South break this bondage and regain its political and economic power.

Even if many Southerners fail to see this war of genocide being waged against them, foreigners see it. In one of his editorials, Albert H. Baxendale, Jr., describes a conversation between a Britisher and a Southerner:

“We English,” he told the Southerner, “think of you Southerners as the Welsh of your country.” Asked what he meant, the Britisher replied, “The English have been trying for decades to stamp out the Welsh traditions — their language, their music, their speech, their customs. The rest of American is trying to do the same to you Southerners.” He was right. There are two forces at work today, engaged in a continual effort to destroy the last vestige of the Southern heritage. Those forces are knee jerk liberal Yankees and Southern renegades, also known as gutless politicians, spineless school administrators, and over-educated academic types.[8]

Edward Lawton describes the situation in the South following the war:

Since 1865 the situation of the South has been unique in the Western World. Asides from rights and wrongs, a population and an area appropriate to a pre-World War I great power have been, following conquest, ruled against their will by a neighboring people, and have had imposed upon them social and economic controls they dislike. And the great majority of these people are of Anglo-Saxon or Celtic descent. This is the only case in modern history of a people of Britannic origin submitting without continued struggle to what they view as foreign domination. . . . It is amazing that a people as proud and warlike as Southerners should have been as docile as they have.[9]

The docility of Southerners defies explanation. The time has long passed for Southerners to rise up and throw off their oppression. No other people of their stock would have so meekly tolerated the oppression that Southerners have endured for as long as they have.

Unreconstructed Southerners continue to resist for a number of reasons. Among the most important are as Alexander Stephen wrote, “Time changes and men often change with them, but principles never!” and as T. S. Eliot wrote, “We fought for lost causes because we knew that our defeat and dismay may be the preface to our successor’s victory. . . . we fight rather to keep something alive than in the expectation that it will triumph.”[10] Jefferson Davis wrote, “The contest is not over, the strife is not ended. It has only entered on a new and enlarged arena. The champions of constitutional liberty must spring to the struggle . . . until the government of the United States is brought back to its constitutional limits.”[11] A Massachusetts writer corroborated Mr. Davis when he wrote, “Such character and achievement were not all in vain; that though the Confederacy fell as an actual physical power, it lives eternally in its just cause — the cause of constitutional liberty.”[12] Whenever an unreconstructed Southern hears that the Confederacy is dead, he needs to reply, as Sheldon Vanauken did, “Not while it [the Confederacy] lives in the hearts of thousands of Southerners.”[13]

The unreconstructed Southerner is in firm agreement with General Lee’s statement that “a Union held together by bayonets has no charms for me.”[14] Like all empires, the Union today is still held together by bayonets.

Richard Weaver reminds both Southerners and Northerners:

that the Southerner today is the only involuntary tenant of the American Union. . . . he is where he is as the result of a settlement of force against him. . . . Therefore, in the national legend the typical American owes his position to a virtuous and effective act of his will; but the Southern owes his to the fact that his will was denied; and this leaves a kind of inequality which no amount of political blandishment can remove entirely.[15]

William Workman gives an excellent explanation of why Northerners find forgetting the War easy and Southerners find it difficult:

Forgetfulness comes easy to victors who fought and won on what to them was foreign soil. It does not come so easily for the vanquished whose homeland was ravaged and laid desolate, whose manhood was blighted by death and war by the aftermath, and whose leaders were stigmatized by imprisonment and ignoble treatment after giving all they had to a cause in which they believed. And as insult added to injury, the South was taxed by the national government to pension the very Federal servicemen who devastated the South, while being taxed by their own Southern states to provide for the Confederate servicemen who defended their homes and ideals.[16]

When Southerners are accused of living in the past, they need to recall the words of John Peale Bishop, “Without a past we are living not in the present, but in a vague and rather unsatisfactory future.”[17] Southerners are among the few Americans with a deep firm tap root in the past. Therefore, they are among the few that will bear true fertile fruit in the future.

Furthermore, Southerners also need to remember John Peale Bishop’s words, “Long after the Confederacy is lost in the national archives and the last old lady has forgotten in the grave that this was conquered territory, there will still be, regardless of the government, a deep division between states that grow cotton and those which first manufactured it into cloth.”[18] A great division still exists, which helps explain the intense genocidal war being waged against the South and Southerners. Only by the annihilation of the South can the empire be preserved.

Unreconstructed Southerners agree with Woodrow Wilson’s words, “I would rather fail in a cause that I know some day will triumph than to triumph in a cause that I know some day will fail.”[19] (Mr. Wilson also told us that “No people should be compelled to live under a sovereignty which it does not willingly accept.”[20]) When accused of trying to perpetuate a lost cause, Southerners need to remember the words of Henry A. Wise, Governor of Virginia, just after the War: “A lost cause! If lost it was false; if true, it was not lost.”[21] The cause is not yet lost. It is true. It lives on. In the meantime, they need to recall M. E. Bradford's advice, “If our friends tell us that these days are dark then we should recite something like the hopeful formula ‘that in order to get better, it must get a good deal worse.’”[22]

Southerners need to remember the enemy that they fight against and the dream for which they fight. Allen Tate describes the beast against whom all unreconstructed Southerners war as:

Regionalism without civilization — which means, with us, regionalism without the classical-Christian culture — becomes provincialism; and world regionalism . . . becomes world provincialism [i.e., one world citizenship with one world government, i.e., the new world order]. For provincialism is that state of mind in which regional men lose their origins in the past and its continuity into the present, and begin every day as if there had been no yesterday.[23]

“It is, in short,” as Donald Davidson writes, “life without principle, which is hardly life at all above the bestial level — that is to say, the low-grade but often pretentious life reflected in the succulent pages of Life and Time, in the T-V show, in the blaring radio with its singing commercials, and in the stream of ‘remorseless motors’ on street and highway.”[24] Samuel T. Francis adds to this description the following:

The lifestyles, aspirations, and values of the current elite are bound together, rationalized, and extended by what may be called the “cosmopolitan ethic.” This ethnic expresses an open contempt for what Edmund Burke called the “little platoons” of human society — the small town, the family, the neighborhood, the traditional class identities and their relationships — as well as for authoritative and disciplinary institutions — the army, police forces, parental authority, and the disciplines of school and church. The cosmopolitan ethic, reversing a Western tradition as old as Aesop, finds virtue in the large city, in the anonymous (and therefore, “liberated”) relationships of declassed, desexed, demoralized, and deracinated atoms that know no group or national identities, accept no given moral code, and recognize no disciplines and no limits. The ethic idealizes material indulgence, the glorification of the self, and the transcendence of conventional values, loyalties, and social bonds. At the same time, it denigrates the values of self-sacrifice, community, and moral and social order. Its most perfect (though extreme) expression is perhaps Mick Jagger, but a more typical and vapid form is portrayed in advertisements that tell us What Kind of Man Reads Playboy.[25]

The enemies of the South include liberals, neo-conservatives, internationalists, unionists, integrationists, socialists, capitalists, public educationists, and egalitarians.

William Workman offers this description of the hypocrisy of those who seek to destroy the South: “. . . the very individuals who evidence the greatest willingness to compel Southern submission to Northern domination are the very ones who scream loudest about ‘dictatorship’ in the South when Southern whites seek to retain control of their own affairs.”[26]

In contrast to the enemy, Allen Tate describes the dream for which true Southerners fight as “the classical-Christian world, based upon the regional consciousness, which held that honor, truth, imagination, human dignity, and limited acquisitiveness could alone justify a social order however rich and efficient it may be; and could do much to redeem an order dilapidated and corrupt, like the South today, if a few people passionately hold those beliefs.”[27] Unreconstructed Southerners must continue the struggle against the Leviathan of Yankeedom until these truths and beliefs burn in the heart of every Southerner throughout the South.

While this struggle continues, Southerners need to keep in mind the words of John Crowe Ransom:

The Southerner must know, and in fact he does very well know, that his antique conservatism does not exert a great influence against the American progressivist doctrine. The Southern idea today is down, and the progressive or American idea is up. But the historian and the philosopher, who take views that are thought to be respectively longer and deeper than most, may very well reverse this order and find that the Southern idea rather than the American has in its favor the authority of example and the approval of theory. And some prophet may even find it possible to expect that it will yet rise again.The future belongs to the unreconstructed South.[28]

While the struggle continues, unreconstructed Southerners should look to their forefathers and draw council from their experience, which General Basil Duke of Kentucky expressed, “that safety is never consulted by giving heed to the suggestions of timidity, and that the manliest and most consistent course, is also the most truly expedient, and that the interest and honor of a people go hand-in-hand, and are inseparable.”[29]

Edward Lawton observes that:

. . . most Northerners are content to continue indefinitely with many — perhaps most — Southerners considering themselves a sort of Free World captive satellite, somewhat like Ireland before its independence or like Alsace before the German defeat in 1918. This is not good enough for people who claim Liberty is the cornerstone of their national unity. For the truth is that Southerners, along with the Katangese, are the only people in the past century for whom the United States has opposed the right of self-determination.[30]

He adds:

American patriotism has tended to strengthen the ideological argument that preservation of the Union justified extreme measures. But this emotional view does not stand up unless a preponderance of the material and spiritual facts support it. From our survey of the evolution of American society in the past century it is evident that such is not the case. There is good reason to believe that most Southerners would be better off materially, culturally and spiritually if they had been allowed to establish their own republic.[31]

With the collapse of the Soviet Empire, there is now even less excuse for maintaining the American Empire. Only through independence will the South be able to survive.

In their struggle for independence, Southerners must continue to contend with what Thomas R. Waring, editor of the Charleston News and Courier, termed the “Paper Curtain.” The Paper Curtain is a ban on pro-South views. This ban has been extremely effective during much of the Second Reconstruction. According to Mr. Waring, “A frank statement of the Southern viewpoint is simply unacceptable for publication in the North.”[32] He had first-hand experience with the Paper Curtain. His pro-South manuscripts were rejected more than once by Northern publishers.

Andrew Grayson provides an excellent, precise, and accurate summary of the Second Reconstruction:

Instead, all that these two post-World War II Southern generations have ever known is an “America,” a “Union,” a “North”’ a “Federal government” that hates, despises and contemptuously look down on the South; that slanders and defames their ancestors; that mocks and ridicules living Southerners as ignorant, stupid, backward rednecks; that passes laws specifically against them and the white South; that sends in Federal marshals and U. S. combat troops to herd them at bayonet point like animals and criminals; that has intentionally destroyed every Southern institutions and nullified almost every right they ever had; that gloats over grinding down white people while uplifting Negroes; that has racially discriminated against them in every way imaginable; that has racially discriminated for Negroes in every way possible; that has allowed the Negro to run loose as a wilder and more rampaging savage than any other civilization has ever known; that has in many ways placed the Negro above the law; that has confiscated a large portion of their wages in order to elevate the Negro to a position of a nonworking welfare-aristocracy; that has made it economically impossible for whites to have more than two or three children while making it economically profitable for Negroes to breed and breed and breed; that has created an economic system that makes it mandatory for most white mothers to work while black mothers are paid not to work; that has created an economic system that causes working whites to scrimp and do without while nonworking blacks never have to worry about anything; that has robbed them of educational, economic, occupational, cultural and other opportunities and given these opportunities to unqualified Negroes who have not earned them and never could earn them; that treats the South as an economic colony and exploits its resources and labor; that has in countless other ways made plain that, to “America,” Southerners are the scum of the earth and Dixie is the cesspool in which they live.[33]

Grayson concludes:

Just as America may never again produce a group of men equal to the founding fathers (the best and brightest of whom were Southern), the South may never again produce a group of men equal to the Confederates. But by God we deserved better than what we had a century after the war. We can do betters than that; we can produce better sons than they.[34]

The War will end and the cause for which it was fought will die when the last unreconstructed Southerner is liquidated — hence, when the South finally dies as a distinct entity — or when the South is freed from the shackles of Yankeedom. When the South returns to its heritage, when the South unashamedly embraces Christianity, when the South cleanses itself of all the alien doctrines of Yankeedom, i.e., when the last vestige of egalitarianism, socialism and fascism, democracy, miscegenation and integration, unisexism, statism, and secular humanism in all its denominations vanish from the South, and when the South becomes a free and independent confederation of free and independent Southern States, then the War will end. The South will once again enjoy a free market agrarian economy with all the wealth and freedom such an economy entails. The South will once again become a Christian land where the word of God is revered and is supreme. The South will once again become a land where the family is respected, promoted, and protected, where children honor their parents, and where men are gentlemen and women are ladies. The South will once again become a land where racial purity and integrity are important, desired, and protected. The South will once again be a land where old times are not forgotten. Until then Southerners must remember John C. Calhoun’s admonishment, “I hold concession or compromise to be fatal.”[35]

Until the South gains its freedom, the political leaders need to do as Ross Barnett, Governor of Mississippi, exhorted public officials to do three years before the United States invaded Mississippi:

We will not surrender to the evil and illegal forces of tyranny. We must either submit to the unlawful dictates of the federal government or stand up like men and tell them, “Never!” Every public official, including myself, should be prepared to make the choice tonight whether he is willing to go to jail, if necessary, to keep faith with the people who have place their welfare in his hands. We will not drink from the cup of genocide. Hold fast against this grave threat to our liberties. Stand together, hand in hand, mind to mind, unyielding and unafraid.[36]

In the end, no one followed Barnett’s sage advice, not even Barnett. In the end, they all chose to “drink from the cup of genocide.” Southerners need to remove from office and forever ostracize all political leaders who follow Barnett’s actions and drink from the cup of genocide instead of following Barnett’s words and holding fast against tyranny!

Endnotes
1. William D. Workman, Jr., The Case for the South (New York, 1960), p. 65.

2. Roy E. Aycock, “Partisan Letters,” Southern Partisan (Second Quarter, 1994), pp. 3-4.

3. Thomas Allen, Southern Manifesto, p. 2.

4. James O. Branch, Sermons (Oxford, 1909), p. 118.

5. Richard M. Weaver, The Southern Essays of Richard M. Weaver, ed. George M. Curtis III and James J. Thompson Jr. (Indianapolis, 1987), Southern Essays, p. 30.

6. Hunter McGuire and George L. Christian, The Confederate Cause and Conduct in the War Between the States, Addendum (Richmond, 1907), pp. 10-11.

7. Donald Davidson, The Attack on Leviathan: Regionalism and Nationalism in the United States (Chapel Hill, 1938), p. 299.

8. Albert H. Baxendale, Jr., “Campaign on to Destroy Southern Heritage,” Citizen Informer (Spring, 1994), p. 9.

9. Edward P. Lawton, The South and the Nation (Fort Myers Beach, 1963), pp. 14-15.

10. Holmes Alexander, “Living with a Lost Cause,” Southern Partisan (Winter, 1986), p. 43.

11. Stephen Cain, “The Question Still Lives,” The Freeman (May, 1993), p. 195.

12. McGuire and Christian, p. 3.

13. Sheldon Vanauken, “Warning Symbol,” Southern Partisan, XIV, (Third Quarter, 1994), p. 13.

14. Weaver, p. 243.

15. Ibid., p. 202.

16. Workman, p. 10.

17. John Peale Bishop, The Collected Essays of John Bishop Peale, ed. Edmund Wilson (New York, 1948), p. 13.

18. Ibid., p. 447.

19. William Freehoff, “Southern Sampler,” Southern Partisan, VIII (Fall, 1988), p. 9.

20. Maurice Muret, The Twilight of the White Race (Westport, 1926, reprinted 1970), p. 37.

21. William F. Freehoff, “Southern Sampler,” Southern Partisan, V (Spring, 1985), p. 33.

22. M. E. Bradford, “Conclusion: Not in Memoriam, But in Affirmation” in Why the South Will Survive (Athens, 1981), p. 223.

23. Donald Davidson, Southern Writers in the Modern World, (Athens, 1958), p. 59.

24. Ibid., p. 59.

25. Samuel T. Francis, “Message from Marx,” in The New Right Papers, ed. Robert W. Whitaker (New York, 1982), p. 69.

26. Workman, p. 16.

27. Ibid., p. 59.

28. John Crowe Ransom, “Reconstructed But Unregenerate,” in I'll Take My Stand: The Southern and Agrarian Tradition (Baton Rouge, 1958), p 3.

29. Weaver, Southern Tradition, 194.

30. Lawton, p. 18.

31. Ibid., p. 207.

32. Ibid., p. 66.

33. Andrew Grayson, The Black Death: Reconstruction I and II, p. 50.

34. Ibid., p. 91.

35. John C. Calhoun, Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun, ed. Ross M. Lence (Indianapolis, 1992), p. 470.

36. Grayson, p. 96.

Copyright © 1995 by Thomas Coley Allen.

More articles on the South. 

Southern History: The Cold War

The Cold War
Thomas Allen

Then came the Cold War against the South. The Cold War began about 1918 with the close of World War I and lasted until 1954. During this phase, the Gentlemen’s agreement that ended the First Reconstruction was abandoned by the North. Verbal assaults came out of the North against the South and were echoed by the scalawags of the South. The assault intensified until the dawn of the Second Reconstruction.

Through its imitation of the North, the South did discover that slavery was not necessary to safeguard White supremacy. The South learned to treat Blacks as they were treated in the North — institutionalization of segregation. The difference between the North and the South was that in the North Blacks were such a small minority that there was little need to legalize segregation whereas in the South because of the large numbers of Blacks, it was — hence, the “Jim Crow” laws.

Statutory segregation did serve a useful purpose. In the South, it showed Blacks where they could go and not go. Although Blacks were segregated in the North, there were few, if any, statutory guidelines. In the South, Blacks clearly knew which restaurants would serve them and which would not. In the North, they could legally enter any restaurant; but they might not be served, or their service would be deliberately delayed. Furthermore, the segregation statutes served to spur Black entrepreneurship. Black businesses sprung up to provide services that Blacks desiderated. Many of these businesses died with the repeal of segregation laws. Blacks preferred integrating with Whites and, therefore, preferred services provided by White businesses. Whites did not particularly desire to integrate with Blacks and, therefore, did not prefer services offered by Black businesses. Most important of all, statutory segregation along with miscegenation laws retarded the genocide of integration. It may be the only effective way to retard such genocide where two races live in juxtaposition.

Perhaps the South’s imitation of the North is why it took the North eighty years to become greedy enough and hypocritical enough to condemn the South for doing exactly what the North was doing. Besides, with the mass migration of Blacks northward, something had to be done to protect White supremacy in the North by keeping the Negro in his place, i.e., keeping him in the South. So along came minimum wage laws and other labor laws restricting the employment of labor to price Blacks out of the Northern labor market. Along came a host of “civil rights” laws, which were intended to be enforced primarily in the South and, for the most part, have been. Appease the Black man in the South, and he will stay there, away from the White Yankee.

These civil rights laws were written to apply only where there was segregation by statute, hence the South, and not where there was segregation by custom, hence the North. However, the South was not allowed to imitate the North this time. The South was not allowed to replace statutes with custom. If the South continued to discriminate against Blacks, there would be little incentive for them to remain in their place, that is, to remain in the South. Thus, Blacks were to be forced on Southerners as equals while segregated, except for a token here and there, from Northerners. The only problem the North has had with this strategy is the occasional renegade judge who forgets or ignores the purpose of these laws.

This time the egalitarians found their allies in the Northern White supremacists and greedy Southern politicians and businessmen.

Forcing the integration of the Negro on Southerners would lead to the annihilation of the remnant of the true Southerners. As Donald Davidson wrote, “it is not possible to absorb the Negro into white society in full and equal status without tearing that society to pieces and completely, perhaps convulsively, change it.”[1] The preservation of the Southern culture, Southern society, and the Southern race is why true Southerners oppose integration with the Negro and other races. The opposition has nothing to do with hatred of the Negro, for the true Southerner does not hate the Negro. The Negro is merely a pawn being used to destroy the South. For the most part, the Negro does not realize that he is being used to destroy the Southerner. If he did, he would, one hopes, truly object because he will perish with the Southerner. Integration is genocide. (Robert Whitaker defines miscegenation as “the final solution to the white problem.”[2]) It will destroy the Black man as surely as it will destroy the White man. If the primary purpose of integration is not genocide, then why do the integrationist oppose outlawing and preventing miscegenation?

Northerners who push integration possess a hypocrisy that far exceeds that of the Pharisees and Sadducees. Carleton Putnam, a Northerner, describes this hypocrisy as follows: “In forcing integration upon the South, the North is demanding that the South do what the North itself in similar circumstances would not do. It is an established fact that white people favor integration throughout the United States exactly in proportion as they do not need to practice it.”[3] This assertion is as true of Southerners as Northerners. The more Southerners advocate integration, the more they tend to isolate themselves from social contact with the masses of the common Negro. The most recent notable example has been displayed by a Southern President, who is, at least, a scalawag New South Southerner, who placed his daughter in an exclusive, elitist private school to shield her from the common Negroes, who are forced to attend public schools. William Workman confirms this hypocritical attitude of Northerners toward integration:

Integration, to the non-Southerner, is a matter of hypothesis, perhaps caught up with the stuff of ‘brotherhood’ and ‘democracy’ as spuriously applied to the issue. Integration will not affect HIS way of life one whit; it will not compel HIS children to enter a strange and strained school world where cross-currents — cultural, moral, and intellectual — will create such discord as to nullify the learning process; it will create such discord as to nullify the learning process; it will not evoke in HIM the perpetual concern over the possibility of physical strife flaring up within or without the classroom, or within the community itself. No, to the non-Southerner, all this is academic — an interesting sociological experiment bedecked with the outward trappings of altruism but internally loaded with explosive potentialities.[4]

Nearly all South haters accept and endorse the egalitarians’ solution to the race problem without any critical analysis. The solution offered by the egalitarians during the War and the First Reconstruction is the same solution that they offer now during the Second Reconstruction. Their solution is genocide through integration. Genocide is hardly a viable solution. (Actually, Union soldiers began trying to breed the Negro out of existence during the War. This program continued to be followed by Yankee soldiers and carpetbaggers during Reconstruction. As Kendrick and Arnett report, “Tradition tells us that many of the mulattoes which we see today are the lineal descendants of Yankee troops and Carpetbaggers. The latter especially is said to have left innumerable copies of their physiognomy in the South.”[5])

At no place or time have two or more races been allowed (or in the South’s case forced) to integrate that the races involved did not proceed to breed themselves out of existence. Breeding the Black man out of existence, which is nothing less than genocide, is hardly a solution to any “White supremacy” problem, real or perceived. Is the destruction of the Black man through the genocide of integration in the name of equal rights, as the egalitarians want to do, any better than his destruction through the genocide of mass execution in the name of White supremacy as the egalitarians claim that the Klan wants to do? In the long run, the future that the Black man faces under the egalitarians is worse than any offered by any White supremacist. The egalitarians offer him extinction through genocidal integration.

The only really viable solution is the one offered by Lincoln, which is geographical separation. It is the only solution that destroys racial supremacy without genocide.

That great North Carolinian, Chub Seawell, summarized the whole egalitarian movement of the Second Reconstruction when he said, “The Ku Klux Klan comes marching down the street with a big banner saying ‘white power,’ and the media have a sort of running fit and yells ‘racism.’ Then the NAACP comes marching down the street with a big banner saying ‘black power,’ and the media call it ‘human rights.’” John Galt expressed the same sentiment, “If White people go out and march for black rights, they are hailed as having ‘social conscience’. . . . yet let three White people get together and proclaim their pride in being White men and Katy bar the damn door. They’ll be called KKK radicals, skinheads, racists, redneck and every other foul name that some minority scum can think up.”[6]

Genocide is nothing new to Southerners. Ethnic cleansing has been occurring in the United States for more than 150 years. However, it is not the Black man against whom a genocidal war is being waged. It is the Southerner against whom a genocidal war is being waged. (Like the Southerner, the Black man does face genocide because he is being used as a weapon to breed the Southerner out of existence.) Ethnic cleansing is occurring right here in the South.

Between 1861 and 1865 the United States government invaded the South and tried to kill as many Southerners as it could. Not only did it kill Southern soldiers defending their homes, it killed Southern women and children. It even killed the slaves whom it claimed it was trying to free. Judge Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsylvania depicted the North’s war against civilians:

I will not pain you by a recital of the wanton cruelties they (the Lincoln administration) inflicted upon unoffending citizens. I have neither the space, nor skill, nor time, to paint them. A life-sized picture of them would cover more canvas than there is on earth. . . . Since the fall of Robespierre, nothing has occurred to cast so much disrepute on republican institutions.[7]

Richard Weaver’s assertion that “after all precautions have been taken and all corrections have been made, there remains considerable foundation for the assertion that the United States is the first government in modern times to commit itself to the policy of unlimited aggregation”[8] is true. (Unlimited war was one of the many vile legacies that the North gave the twentieth century to follow.)

Correspondence between General William T. Sherman and Secretary of War Stanton proves that genocide was the objective of the War. On June 21, 1864, just before beginning his infamous march to the sea, Sherman wrote to Stanton, “There is a class of people [in the South], men, women, and children, who must be killed or banished before you can hope for peace and order.”[9] On July 1, 1864, Stanton replied, “Your letter of the 21st of June has just reached me and meets my approval.”[10] In his match across Georgia, Sherman did his best to carry out his war of genocide. He succeeded so well, that a Union corporal wrote from Savannah in 1864, “The cruelties practiced on this campaign towards citizens have been enough to blast a more sacred cause than ours. We hardly deserve success.”[11]

Sherman’s sacking of Atlanta and adjacent communities is illustrative of his genocidal war. A reporter for the Detroit Free Press offered this concise description:

Had one been able to climb to such a height at Atlanta as to enable him to see for forty miles around the day Sherman marched out, he would have been appalled at the destruction. Hundreds of houses had been burned, every rod of fence destroyed, nearly every fruit tree cut down, and the face of the country so changed that one born in that section could scarcely recognize it. The vindictiveness of war would have tramped the very earth out of sight had such a thing been possible. . . .

At the very beginning of the campaign at Dalton, the Federal soldiery had received encouragement to become vandals. . . . When Sherman cut loose from Atlanta everybody had license to throw off restraint and make Georgia ‘drain the bitter cup.’ The Federal who wants to learn what it was to license an army to become vandals should mount a horse at Atlanta and follow Sherman’s route for fifty miles. He can hear stories from the lips of women that would make him ashamed of the flag that waved over him as he went into battle. When the army had passed nothing was left but a trail of desolation and despair. No houses escaped robbery, no woman escaped insult, no building escaped the firebrand, except by some strange interposition. War may license an army to subsist on the enemy, but civilized warfare stops at live stock, forage and provisions. It does not enter the houses of the sick and helpless and rob women of their finger rings and carry off their clothing.[12]

Numerous other examples could be provided to describe not only the genocidal acts of Sherman, but also of Generals Grant, Sheridan, Pope, and Butler as well as other Union generals and their commander-in-chief, who could have nullified any of their orders and removed them if he had objected to their waging war against women and children. Edward Lawton summarizes the war waged against the South as follows: “In their conquest of the South the Northern armies deliberately used methods of savagery such as were not seen in Western Europe on so broad a scale from the seventeenth century until the invasions of Hitler.”[13]

A foreign reporter compared the conduct of the North and South during the War. Of the North, he wrote:

This contest has been signalized by the exhibition of some of the best and some of the worst qualities that war has ever brought out. It has produced a recklessness of human life, a contempt of principles, a disregard of engagements, . . . the headlong adoption of the most lawless measures, the public faith scandalously violated, both towards friends and enemies; the liberty of the citizen at the hands of arbitrary power; the liberty of the press abolished; the suspension of the habeas corpus act; illegal imprisonments; midnight arrests; punishments inflicted without trial; the courts of law controlled by satellites of government; elections carried on under military supervision; a ruffianism, both of word and action, eating deep into the country. . . ; the must [sic] brutal inhumanity in the conduct of the war itself; outrages upon the defenseless, upon women, children and prisoners; plunder, rapine, devastation, murder — all the old horrors of barbarous warfare which Europe is beginning to be ashamed of, and new refinements of cruelty thereto added, by way of illustrating the advance of knowledge.[14]

Of the South, he wrote:

It has also produced qualities and phenomena the opposite of these. Ardour and devotedness of patriotism, which might alone make us proud of the century to which we belong; a unanimity such as was probably never witnessed before; a wisdom in legislation, a stainless good faith under extremely difficult circumstances, a clear apprehension of danger, coupled with a determination to face it to the uttermost; a resolute abnegation of power in favor of leaders in whom those who selected them could trust; with an equally resolute determination to reserve the liberty of criticism, and not to allow those trusted leaders to go one inch beyond their legal powers; a heroism in the field and behind the defenses of besieged cities, which can match anything that history has to show; a wonderful helpfulness in supplying needs and creating fresh resources; a chivalrous and romantic daring, which recalls the middle ages; a most scrupulous regard for the rights of hostile property; a tender consideration for the vanquished and the weak. . . . And the remarkable circumstance is, that all the good qualities have been on the one side and all the bad ones on the other.[15]

Next came the First Reconstruction, which lasted until 1877. During this period the might of the United States government supported various local scalawags and carpetbaggers, who tried to remold the South into the image of Yankeedom by political means. It was, in the words of Paxson, an era of “Northern revenge in the guise of the preservation of the dearly won Union [that] was worse for the South than the war.”[16]

The desire to annihilate the Southern people can be summed up by a statement made by Parson William G. Brownlow, former carpetbagger governor of Tennessee, at a New York convention:

If I had the power I would arm every wolf, panther, catamount and bear in the mountains of America, every crocodile in the swamps of Florida, every Negro in the South, and every devil in Hell, clothe them in the uniform of the Federal Army and turn them loose on the Rebels of the South and exterminate every man, woman and child south of Mason and Dixon’s Line. I would like to see Negro troops, under the command of [U. S. General Benjamin F.] Butler, crowd every Rebel into the Gulf of Mexico and drown them as the Devil did the hogs in the Sea of Galilee.[17]

Andrew Grayson offers this description of the genocidal war waged against Southerners during the First Reconstruction:

The institution of Radical Reconstruction marked the beginning of the largest, most malicious, and most malignant social, political, and racial experiment in the history of the Northern European White race up to that time. It was a premeditated program of economic colonialism, social and political Africanization, and racial and national genocide. . . .

And never before had one White government, people or nation sought to place another White people or nation in a position of absolute defenselessness so as to enable and ensure that the second White people or nation would be bred and butchered out of existence by a non-White people or race.

THIS the Government of the United States of America DID.[18]

Endnotes
1. Donald Davidson, Still Rebels, Still Yankees and Other Essays (1953), p. 210.

2. Robert Whitaker, “Partisan Dictionary,” Southern Partisan, VI/VII (Fall 1986/Winter 1987), p. 9.

3. Carleton Putnam, Race and Reason: A Yankee View (Cape Canaveral, 1961), p. 36.)

4. William D. Workman, Jr., The Case for the South (New York, 1960), p. 128.

5. Benjamin J. Kendrick and Alex M. Arnett, The South Looks at Its Past (Chapel Hill, 1935), p. 59.

6. John Galt, Rise! (1989), p. 9.

7. Hunter McGuire and George L. Christian, The Confederate Cause and Conduct in the War Between the States, Addendum (Richmond, 1907), p. 18.

8. Richard M. Weaver, The Southern Tradition at Bay: A History of Postbellum Thought, ed. George Core and M. E. Bradford (New Rochelle, 1968), p. 214.

9. “This Issue’s Quote,” The Carolina Confederate, March/April, 1994, p. 12.

10. Ibid., p. 12.

11. Robert Penn Warren, The Legacy of the Civil War (New York, 1961), p. 89.

12. McGuire and Christian, p. 80.

13. Edward P. Lawton, The South and the Nation (Fort Myers Beach, 1963), p. 207.

14. McGuire and Christian, p. 94.

15. Ibid., p. 95.

16. Basil L. Gildersleeve, The Creed of the Old South 1865-1915 (Baltimore, 1915), p. 123.

17. Andrew Grayson, The Black Death: Reconstruction I and II, p. 6.

18. Ibid., p. 7.
 
Copyright © 1995 by Thomas Coley Allen.

More articles on the South.