What Is Money?

What Is Money?
Thomas Allen

In Money and the Mechanism of Exchange, Jevons discusses the difficulty in defining “money.”[1] Jevons was an Englishman, and his comments are directed at England in the late nineteenth century. He states that a full-weight legal-tender gold coin was undoubtably money. Today such a coin is not money in the legal sense although one can buy more with a gold British sovereign from an Indian peasant than he can with an equivalent quantity of today’s British paper money. He is inclined to include legal-tender bank notes converted on demand into gold coins. Should U.S. bank notes, which were never legal tender before 1933 but could be redeemed in gold on demand, except between 1862 and 1879, be considered money? (Between 1862 and 1879, most banks redeemed bank notes into legal-tender inconvertible government notes, U.S. notes, commonly called greenbacks.) Should inconvertible legal-tender government notes like U.S. notes between 1862 and 1879 be considered money? They were a common medium of exchange and used to discharge debt during this era. Should everything used to pay a debt that a debtor is willing to use and the creditor is willing to accept be considered money? For example, if a debtor pays a debt with a stock certificate and the creditor accepts it as payment, does that make stock certificates money?

Gold as a full-weighted coin seems as it should obviously be money although not in the legal sense. Some economists, such as Gary North,[2] argue that today gold coins are not money because one cannot walk into a department store and buy stuff with it. As more stores begin to accept silver coins at bullion value for payment, North’s argument loses its weight. At least one store in Texas refuses payment in federal reserve notes and only accepts silver in payment.

Is gold bullion money? What about Asian gold bullion jewelry, is it money? George, who wrote under the gold standard, claims that they are not. For example, in the United States, a person could not go to the ticket counter and buy a train ticket with a small bullion bar or Asian bullion jewelry. He probably could not even do it with a British sovereign. He would have to use a U.S. gold coin. Yet under the gold coin standard and to some extent under the gold exchange standard, gold bullion was used to settle foreign accounts. It can easily be coined with minimal cost. As Rothbard notes, the material makes the money and not its shape.[3]

As can be seen from the above brief introduction, economists disagree about what is money. They have been debating money and what it is for more than 200 years. They have not yet come to a consensus.

Most people call what they use to buy everyday goods and services and to pay their debts money. This is what money means in the popular sense and, as we shall see, how some economists define it.

In the legal sense, money is whatever the law declares it to be legal tender. Usually, whatever the law declares to be legal tender, a creditor must accept as payment of debt.

Let’s see how some economists define money.

Webster’s New International Dictionary (second edition, unabridged) defines money as “1. Metal, as gold, silver, or copper, coined, or stamped, and issued by recognized authority as medium of exchange; coinage in general. . . . 4. Any particular form or denomination coin or paper which is lawfully current as money;—now chiefly pl. 5. Anything customarily used as a medium of exchanged and measure of value, as sheep, wampum, copper rings, quills of salt or of gold dust, shovel blades, etc.; hence, Econ., anything having a conventional use either (1) as a medium of exchange or a measure of value, or (2) as a measure of value alone. In the latter case, it is often called a money of accounts, and may be any arbitrary amount of property or wealth of any kind, as a flock of sheep of determined size or a lac (100,000) of rupees. 6. Any written or stamped promise or certificate, such as government note or bank notes (often called paper money), which passes currently as a means of payment.”

F.A. Walker defines money as “that which passes freely from hand to hand throughout the community in final discharge of debts and full payment for commodities, being accepted equally without reference to the character or credit of the person who offers it and without the intention of the person who receives it to consume it or enjoy it or apply it to any other use than in turn to tender it to others in discharge of debt or payment for commodities.” [4]

Johnson defines money as “that valuable thing or economic good which possesses in any country or community universal acceptability as a medium of exchange or means of payment.”[5]

Ely defines money as “whatever passes freely from hand to hand as a medium of exchange and is generally received in final discharge of debt.”[6] Ely considers this definition to be the popular definition. He defines money in the economic sense as:

Money, according to the economic conception, must first serve directly and immediately as a measure of value; secondly, it must serve as a medium of exchange; in the third place, it must be capable of serving as a means of making payments; and fourthly, it must be a store or receptacle of value.[7]

Mises defines money as “the thing which serves as the generally accepted and commonly used medium of exchange.”[8]

George defines money as “whatever in any time and place is used as the common medium of exchange. . . .”[9]

Hawtrey defines money as “the means established by law (or custom) for the payment of debts.”[10]

Duesenberry defines money as “something that people are willing to accept in exchanges, even if they have no use for the thing themselves. . . . [M]oney is something people accept in exchange for goods, in the expectation of passing it on to someone else in a further exchange.”[11]

Klien defines money as “anything generally acceptable as a means of paying off debt.”[12]

Robertson defines money as “anything which is widely accepted in payment for goods, or in discharge of other kinds of business obligation.”[13]

Gnazzo defines money as “the commodity that has the most stable value, and which can be exchanged in value or kind, for any other commodity, or service in the market place.”[14]

As can be seen from these definitions, money is defined primarily by its functions, especially its function as a medium of exchange. These basic functions of money are a medium of exchange, a standard or measure of value, a store of value, and a payment of debt. These functions are discussed later. Hawtrey remarks, “Money is one of those concepts which, like a teaspoon or an umbrella, but unlike an earthquake or a buttercup, are definable primarily by the use or purpose which they serve.”[15]

Money is that thing that people accept as final payment for their labor and products. It is whatever a community uses to exchange for goods and services and to discharge debts and other monetary obligations. It can be fiat money or commodity money. These two types of money are discussed later.

People use a thing as money for one of two reasons. One is that the markets prescribe its use. (The markets are the people acting spontaneously in their economic activity according to their economic contribution.) The other is that the government forces its use. Market activity leads to commodity money whereas governmental coercion leads to fiat money.

The thing that the markets choose to be money is (or becomes) the most marketable or saleable thing in that economy. The more marketable or saleable that a thing is the less it changes value when it changes hands. For example, when one buys a car and immediately tries to sell it even without moving it from the dealership, he cannot sell it for the price that he paid just moments earlier. An immediate sale results in a noticeable, and possibly significant, drop in price (value or purchasing power). Likewise, with stock, when one buys a stock, he pays the higher ask price. When he sells it, he sells it at the lower bid price. However, when a person sells (exchanges) a product for money, he can immediately use that money with no noticeable loss in value or purchasing power. Thus, one can buy money by selling his labor or goods and immediately sell it by buying another’s labor or goods with no risk of a noticeable loss in value. That is because of the marketability or saleability of money. It is so marketable that it can change hands without a loss of value. With all other items, a person risks a noticeable loss if he immediately sells that which he has just bought.

Money has only one real utility and that is its exchangeability. People want it because of this utility. Like a hammer, money performs a specific service, and people want it because it performs that service. They can easily exchange it for goods and services that they want to consume. People want money not to consume it, but to exchange it for things that they want to consume.

Money has no inherent value in and of itself. Its value lies within the goods and services for which it can be exchanged. It represents purchasing power and is a receipt for value. It represents the value of the thing for which it is exchanged. Because money is only useful for buying and selling goods and services, the more that a given amount of money can buy, the greater its purchasing power.[16]

According to Alchian and Allen, “Money is a device that lowers costs of exchange and enlarges productivity via specialization.”[17] Rothbard states, “[Money enables] goods and services to travel more expeditiously from one person to another.”[18] George writes, “. . . [money] may be passed from hand to hand in canceling obligations or transferring ownership. . . .”[19] George adds, “. . . the use of money, no matter of what it be composed, is not directly to satisfy desire, but indirectly to satisfy desire through exchange for other things.”[20] Duesenberry remarks, “Unlike most things, money isn’t used up when it is used.”[21] People acquire money not to consume it or to employ it in their own productive activity, but to exchange it in the future for goods and services.

In conclusion, money is whatever a community accepts as payment for goods and services and as payment of debt. It is also the standard by which the values of goods and services are measured and compared. It can vary with time and place. What a community uses for money at one time may differ from that used at another time. What one community uses for money may differ from that which another community uses.

Some commodities possess characteristics that other commodities lack giving them an advantage in the use of money. Such commodities become money when the markets are left free to choose their money.

Money should not be confused with wealth. It is not wealth; it is a tool to acquire wealth. Things like food, cars, houses, and factories are wealth. Money can reduce wealth to a single number, price.

Nevertheless, because gold and silver are desirable in themselves, they are part of wealth even when in the form of coins. Gold and silver coins can be thought of as wealth in circulation. Being merely legal claims, paper money, whether redeemable or irredeemable, is not a part of wealth.

Fiat money adherents mistakenly believe that money creates wealth. They believe that inflating the money supply increases wealth. The opposite is true. Inflation destroys wealth. Inflation drives down the purchasing power (value) of money.

Wealth causes an increase in the value of money. If productivity increases faster than the money supply, the purchasing power of money increases. With commodity money, as wealth increases, general prices decline, and the value of money rises. This increase in money’s value gives the incentive to search for more of the monetary commodity.

Endnotes
1. W. Stanlely Jevons, Money and the Mechanism of Exchange (New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton and Co., 1896), pp. 248-250.

2. Gary North “What Is Money? Part 2: Precious Metal Coinage,” Oct. 1, 2009, http://www.goldseek.com/tools/print.php, Nov. 26, 2009.

3. Murray N. Rothbard, The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar (Washington, D.C.: Libertarian Review Press, 1974), p. 12.

4. C.F. Bastable,“Money,” Encyclopedia Britannica, R.S. Peale Reprint (1890), XVI, 720.

5. Joseph French Johnson. Money and Currency: In Relation to Industry, Prices, and the Rate of Interest (Revised edition. Boston, Massachusetts: Ginn and Company, 1905), p. 7.

6. Richard T. Ely, An Introduction to Political Economy (Revised edition. New York, New York: Eaton & Mains, 1901), p 177.

7. Ibid., p. 178.

8. Ludwig von Mises, Human Action: A Treatise on Economics (3rd revised edition. Chicago, Illinois: Henry Regnery Company, 1963), p. 401.

9. Henry George, The Science of Political Economy (1897; reprint. New York, New York: Robert Schalkenbach Foundation, 1962), p. 494.

10. Ralph George Hawtrey, Currency and Credit (London, England: Longsmans, Green and Co., 1919), p. 17.

11. James S. Duesenberry, Money and Credit: Impact and Control (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964.), p. 6.

12. John J. Klein, Money and the Economy (4th ed. New York, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1978), p. 3.

13. D.H. Robertson, Money (Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1957), p. 2.

14. Douglass V. Gnazzo, “Honest Money: What It Is and What It Isn’t,” part 1, 2006, http://www.honestmoneyreport.com/archives/2006/0312.php, Jan. 1, 2007.

15. Hawtrey, p. 1.

16. Douglass V. Gnazzo, “Honest Money: What It Is and What It Isn’t,” part 2, 2006, http://www.honestmoneyreport.com/archives/2006/0319.php, Jan. 1, 2007.

17. Armen A. Alchian and William R. Allen, University Economics: Elements of Inquiry (3rd edition. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., 1972.), p. 572.

18. Murray N. Rothbard, What Has Government Done to Our Money? (Santa Ana, California: Rampart College, 1963), p. 11.

19. George, p. 483.

20. Ibid., p. 484.

21. Duesenberry, p. 3.

Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Coley Allen.

More articles on money. 

Black Nationalism

Black Nationalism
Thomas Allen

[Editor’s note: Footnotes in the original are omitted.]

Soon after the Communists consolidated their position in Russian, they exported their revolution to the United States. Stalin sent Joseph Pogany to the United States to promote the Negro Revolution and Black Nationalism. The goal of Black Nationalism was to carve a Negro nation out of the United States. Pogany sought to convert American Negroes into Communist revolutionists and to use them to destroy the United States and to kill as many Aryan Americans as possible during the process. Black Nationalism grew into the Black Muslim and Nation of Islam movements. The “Million Man March” of 1995 and demands for reparations movement (the demand that today’s American Negroes be paid large sums of money and be given additional legal privileges because Negroes were slaves 150 years ago) are also out growths of Black Nationalism. Unlike most Communist revolutions, the Negro Revolution was more covert than overt. It was a revolution concealed in the crime statistics and frequent riots.

Part of the communist plan for Negro liberation was to agitate for “full racial, social, and political equality for the Negro people.”[1] The right of national self-determination, i.e., carving of an independent Negro nation out of the United States, was to supplement the struggle for equality.

Initially the Communist tried to get equality and independence for blacks in the South. In 1930, Stalin ordered that the Negroes in the North be included in the agitation for “equal rights.” However, the Communist did not advocate a Negro state outside the South.

Many leaders in the Negro Revolution and Black Nationalism were the Black Muslims. The Black Muslims were born in 1930 with the arrival of Farrad Mohammad, whose real name was Wallace Dodd and who was also known as F. Mohammad Ali, Professor Ford, Wali Farrad, and W.D. Fard. He came as a peddler in Negro neighborhoods. First he began teaching Negroes about their homeland. He began to preach hatred of the Aryan race and attacking the Bible. Negroes were not Americans and owed no allegiance to the United States. He taught that Negroes were gods and that Aryans were devils; in the Last Days, God (Allah) would separate his Negro people from their Aryan enemies. Then he began proclaiming himself as “the Supreme Ruler of the Universe.”

Dodd was not a Negro but was an Aryan from New Zealand, who had acquired a criminal record in the United States.[2] Dodd claimed his radical teachings were a scheme to extract money from gullible Negroes. Dodd, who as prophet W.D. Ford, became the God and Savior of the Muslims; he was Allah incarnated.[3] He appointed Elijah Muhammad (Robert Poole) as the leader of his new religion and returned to New Zealand.

Muhammad began proclaiming that several States in the South should be turned over to the Negro as an independent Negro country in America. He and the Black Muslims wanted the races to be separated. The United States owed these States to the Negro as payment for slave labor —so asserted James Baldwin. Under the leadership of Elijah Muhammad, the Black Muslims aligned themselves with Communists and began using criminal violence against Aryans (and Negroes) to achieve their goals.

Open revolt began in the early 1960s in New York City. Leading the revolt was the Blood Brothers. This revolt differed from most historical revolts. It was not an arm rebellion. It was an intensified crime wave with Negro riots and Negro perpetrating violent crime against Aryans. The Black Muslims wanted to annihilate the Aryan race.

An object of Negro revolutionary criminals was to force the police to kill a Negro criminal. Then provocateurs moved in and incited a Negro riot. Riots led to consolidating power in the United States government and the accompanying lost of freedom—a major goal of the Illuminists.

For the most part, the leaders and organizers of the “civil rights” movement and other Negro movements, Negro riots, and Negro organizations were Communists or communist sympathizers. Backing these leaders and organizers were Illuminists.

One reason that Communist opposed segregation was that it caused the development of a Negro bourgeoisie. Pepper (Pogany) rightly blamed segregation for “. . . a rapid development of a Negro petit-bourgeoisie, a Negro intelligentsia and even a Negro bourgeoisie. The very fact of segregation of the Negro masses creates the basis for the development of a stratum of small merchants, lawyer, physicians, preachers, brokers, who try to attract the Negro workers and farmers as consumers. . . .”[4] The Communists wanted to replace this independence and prosperity of the Negro people with hatred toward Aryans—and they succeeded remarkably well.

Furthermore, because Illuminism lives on crisis and turmoil, segregation was turned into a great social crisis. This crisis was one of the most artificial crises ever created in the United States. Illuminists, primarily through Communists, instigated it to add racial hatred to class hatred. (Integration also served the purpose of hastening the demise of the Aryan people as it facilitated breeding them out of existence through miscegenation.)

About Illuminists instigating the Negro Revolution, Lewis N., a prominent New York businessman, wrote to Strom Thurmond:

Roosevelt dismantled one American liberty after another and now Truman is trying to set up a Soviet land. The real problem is a cabal of Jewish lawyers behind the NAACP who are using the Negro for their own agenda. Washington is dominated by a handful of wealthy Jews and their hirelings. This is a struggle between Jews and Communists on the one hand and Christian Americans on the other. Please stick to your guns in this struggle to save the White race.[5]

Most promoters of the Negro Revolution were Communists or communist sympathizers. They included Herbert Aptheker (a Communist), Revels Cayton (a Communist and executive secretary of the National Negro Conference), Benjamin Davis (a Communist), W.E.B. DuBois (a Communists and a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), William Epton (a Communist), James Farmer (a national director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, national director of Congress of Racial Equality), Jesse Grey (a Communist, organizer of the Harlem riot), Martin Luther King, Jr. (president of Southern Christian Leadership Conference), Malcolm X, Hunter Pitts O’Dell (a Communist, King’s secretary, executive director of Southern Christian Leadership Conference), William L. Patterson (a Communist and executive secretary of the Civil Rights Congress), Bayard Rustin (member of Young Communist League, King’s secretary and advisor, a field secretary for Congress of Racial Equality), Fred Shuttlesworth (vice-president of Southern Christian Leadership Conference, president of the Southern Conference Educational Fund), Aubrey Williams (a Communist, president of the Southern Conference Educational Fund, director of the National Youth Administration under President Franklin Roosevelt), Robert F. Williams (a Communist and a leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), Max Yergan (a Communist and president of the National Negro Congress), and Andrew Young. All these men were Illuminist of varying degrees, mostly lower level Illuminists.

The leading Negro organizations were founded, organized, and controlled by Communists and communist sympathizers. These organizations included the National Negro Congress (NNC), Civil Rights Congress, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Urban League, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF), and Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

Not only were Illuminists using the financial might of their foundations to foment the Negro revolution, they also used the money and power of the United States government. President Johnson’s civil rights laws and War on Poverty were merely weapons that Illuminists used through the Negro revolution to destroy the constitutional government of the United States and the Aryan people.

One of the ostensible objects of the War on Poverty was to eliminate slums that agitators exploited to get Negroes to riot. Yet Communists and other agitators were hired to administer the War on Poverty. Actually, the real purpose of the War on Poverty was to create turmoil. (Before the riots of 1967 broke out, Sargent Shriver, director of the United States Office of Economic Opportunity, knew that the United Community Corp., an agency of the Office of Economic Opportunity, was organizing the riots.) Negro riots served the purpose of expanding the size, power, and intrusiveness of the United States government.

Black revolutionaries gave the Illuminists an excuse to carry out compulsory racial integration in the United States. Organization of racial integration was assigned to Ronald Lippert of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the American Jewish Congress. His program called for the destruction of the individual’s personal identity and his racial heritage—especially the destruction of Aryan racial identity. The National Education Association was employed to execute this program. Controlling the National Education Association was the Stanford Research Institute. Controlling the Stanford Research Institute was the Tavistock Institute. The Tavistock Institute specialized in developing, teaching, and employing mind control and brainwashing techniques.

Some Negro leaders, such as former Communists Helen Wood Birnie and Manning Johnson, had the intelligence to oppose the evils of integration and to realize that Illuminists were using Negroes to advance their communistic, illuministic New World Order. These Negro leaders were ignored or smeared with vile epitaphs. (Probably many Negro leaders, such as King and DuBois, who had sold their souls to Illuminism were aware of these evils and that their people were merely tools used to advance the illuministic New World Order.)

To show Americans, especially Southerners, that the Illuminists controlled the United States government and that resistance to their despotic edits would be futile, the Illuminists had President Eisenhower to federalize the Arkansas national guard and use it to invade Little Rock in 1957. They had President Kennedy to federalize the Mississippi national guard in 1962 and use it to invade Mississippi. Thus, Illuminist used these national guards against their own States.

One of the most effective weapons used by Illuminists in the Negro Revolution in America was the creation of the so-called radical right-wing groups, such as the National States Rights Party and the American Nazi Party, both of which Illuminists controlled, to vilify. These organizations were labeled as neo-Nazi, fascist, or the like. They were often associated with noble causes, such as states’ rights, so that these noble causes, which blocked Illuminism, could be vilified or subverted. Then members of these groups, who were provocateurs, agitated Aryans into violent acts against Negroes. Thus, Illuminists won a public relation coup in favor of the revolutionists and against the real interest of the community. They drew support away from the true and legitimate opposition.

A major source of funding for the Negro Revolution was Carnegie’s foundations. Carnegie’s money also paid for Gunnar Myrdal’s study that purported to prove that segregation caused all the problems of the Negro. If it were not for segregation, the Negro would be the Aryan’s intellectual equal. Myrdal held that liberty must be sacrificed for the sake of social equality. He was a Communist who considered the United States Constitution to be a plot against the common people. Aiding him in his study were 16 people associated with communist fronts. At least four of them were Communists. The United States Supreme Court relied on Myrdal’s study to reject the United States Constitution and to impose integration.

Carnegie’s money also supported Whitney Young, a racial extortionist, and the National Urban League. Besides Carnegie’s foundations, Young and the National Urban League also received money from the Ford Foundation when McGeorge Bundy was its president. Young threatened the United States government into funding a social revolution to prevent an armed revolt. Actually, the political leaders and their illuministic superiors wanted to increase spending on social programs. Social programs make people dependent on the government, which Illuminists control. Thus, social programs facilitated Illuminists’ control of the masses.

Young was not the only militant black revolutionist to receive money from the Ford Foundation under Bundy’s leadership. The Ford Foundation also funded Milton A. Galamision, LeRoi Jones, and Floyd B. McKissick and the Congress of Racial Equality.

The whole civil rights movement was a hoax. Its purpose was not to grant Negroes “equal rights” per se. Its purpose was to enslave Aryans. The common excuse for Negro crime and Negro riots was that Negroes were rebelling against Aryan oppression. Aryans had denied Negroes their “rights.” Well, Negroes were not only granted “equal rights,” they were given superior rights. They became the new aristocracy, a privilege class. Yet Negro crime grew, and the riots still occurred. However, Aryans had surrendered enormous freedom in the name of “equal rights.” The more “equal rights” Negroes acquired, the more socialistic (fascistic) the United States became. (Wyatt Tee Walker, Kings chief-of-staff said, “If the Negro is to be given equality, our whole economy will have to be changed—probably to some sort of Socialism,”[6]) The more “equal rights” Negroes acquired, the more political power was concentrated in the United States government and in the Presidency— and less real rights anyone, Negro or Aryan, had.

The civil rights acts reduced the States, especially the Southern States, to little more than administrative districts of the United States government. They gave the President almost absolute control over every business in the country, public education, housing, and the media. In the name of eradicating the vestiges slavery, the civil rights acts reduced all to slavery.

According to King, slavery placed man’s services under the control of other men as masters, which is exactly what the civil rights acts that he supported did. Furthermore, Aryans were cowered into allowing their race and culture to be destroyed—the ultimate goal of the Illuminists, the annihilation of the Aryan race.

Realizing that it had ridden the black mule about as far as it could in fomenting a civil war, the Ford Foundation began financing a Mexican revolution in the United States. In 1968, it began funding the Southwest Council of La Raza. Its president, Maclovio Barraza, was a Communist. La Raza’s goal was to place the territory that Mexico lost to the United States in the Mexican War under the control of Mexicans. To expedite this revolt, Illuminists opened the border with Mexico virtually to uncontrolled Mexican immigration.

Endnotes
1. Alan Stang, It’s Very Simple; The True Story of Civil Rights (Belmont, Massachusetts: Western Islands, 1965), p. 31.

2. Ibid., p. 40.

3. William J. Petersen, Those Curious New Cults in the 80s (New Canaan, Connecticut: Keats Publishing, Inc., 1982), p. 238.

4. Stang, p. 140.

5. “History of Strom Thurmond’s 1948 States’ Rights Party Campaign for President,” The Truth at Last, issue no. 439, p. 6.

6. Stang, p. 145.

References
Cuddy, Dennis L. The Globalists: The Power Elite Exposed. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone Publishing, 2001.

Hargis, Billy James. Communist America Must It Be? Tulsa, Oklahoma: Christian Crusade, 1960.

Hoar, William P. Architect of Conspiracy: An Intriguing History. Belmont, Massachusetts: Western Islands, 1984.

Larson, Bob. Larson’s Book of Cults. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. 1982.

Mullins, Eustace. The World Order: Our Secret Rulers. Second edition. Staunton, Virginia: Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization, 1992.

Petersen, William J. Those Curious New Cults in the 80s. New Canaan, Connecticut: Keats Publishing, Inc., 1982.

Skousen, W. Cleon. The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary on Dr. Carroll Quigley’s Book Tragedy and Hope. Salt Lake City, Utah, 1971.

Smoot, Dan. The Invisible Government. Dallas, Texas: The Dan Smoot Report, Inc., 1962.

Stang, Alan. It’s Very Simple; The True Story of Civil Rights. Belmont, Massachusetts: Western Islands, 1965.

Stormer, John A. The Death of a Nation. Florissant, Missouri: Liberty Bell Press, 1968.

Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Coley Allen.

 More articles on history. 

The Great Depression

The Great Depression
Thomas Allen

[Editor’s note: Footnotes in original are omitted.]

An important aspect of World War I was that it had transferred enormous wealth to the international financiers while enslaving the American people. World War I was the cap stone of a process that began with the Great Depression to transfer massive amounts of wealth to the Illuminists and to convert the United States into a fascist country controlled by the Illuminists.

The most important actor in causing the Great Depression was the Bank of England, headed by Montagu Norman, who was called “the currency director of Europe,” in conjunction with the British government and the international financiers in the City of London. Benjamin Strong, the governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, was Norman’s chief American coconspirator in this endeavor. Strong had great influence over Andrew Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury for Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. In Germany, Norman’s chief coconspirator was Hjalmar Schacht, Governor of the German Reichsbank and later Hitler’s Finance Minister.

In 1925, Montagu Norman, Hjalmar Schacht, and Charles Rist (deputy governor of the Bank of France) came to New York and met with Benjamin Strong. The purpose of this meeting was to inflate the money supply in the United States, which was done by lowering the interest rate in the United States. Norman returned in 1927 to promote once again inflation and speculation. Again the Federal Reserve System cut the interest rate. The 1928-1929 bull market resulted. In 1929, Norman visited Mellon in Washington. Soon after this visit, the Federal Reserve System abandoned its easy money policy, began raising interest rates, and contracting the money supply. Furthermore, to collapse the speculative bubble in the United States, the Bank of England began raising interest rates in Great Britain. The bubble burst.

The Illuminists put Franklin Roosevelt, who was a high degree Illuminist and a shrewd servant of the international financiers, into office in 1933 to do their bidding. They were through with President Herbert Hoover and wanted to replace him with Roosevelt. They wanted Roosevelt to bring fascism to the United States, which he did by building on and expanding programs that Hoover had started. Once in office, Roosevelt processed to complete the work begun by President Woodrow Wilson to reduce the American people to slavery under the crushing power of the international financiers.

The Illuminists created the Great Depression and used it to make Roosevelt President. The Great Depression started during Hoover’s first year as President. Between 1923 and 1929, the Federal Reserve System greatly expanded (inflated) the money supply. Then the bankers who controlled the Federal Reserve System started the Great Depression by greatly contracting the money supply. Although the Federal Reserve System could have alleviated much of the misery by expanding the money supply, which the law required it to do so, it did not. (If it had complied with the law, it would not have expanded the money supply during World War I and the 1920s.) When Roosevelt took office, the Federal Reserve System began expanding the money supply by creating money to buy government securities.

Congressman Louis McFadden, Chairman of the House Banking and Currency Committee, correctly explained the Great Depression, “It was not accidental. It was a carefully contrived occurrence. . . . The international bankers sought to bring about a condition of despair here so that they might emerge as the rulers of us all.”[1]

To ensure that Roosevelt would do their bidding, the Illuminist surrounded him with their agents. Among them were five communist agents: Alger Hiss, John Abt, Nathan Witt, Nathaniel Weyl, and Charles Kramer. Another agent was Stuart Chase, a Fabian, who believed in executing people who did not obey the government’s economic edits and who is credited with writing Roosevelt’s order stealing the gold owned by Americans.

Through Roosevelt and their other agents in his administration, the Illuminists destroyed most of what remained of the United States Constitution. One of the biggest achievements of the Illuminists was transferring legislative powers from Congress to “independent” presidentially controlled boards and commissions, which the Illuminists could more easily control than they could control Congress.

Another coup achieved by the Illuminists was to control that they gained over the States, universities, and farmers with federal aid and over business and labor unions with contract money. They also gained controlled over business, labor unions, farmers, and universities through new regulatory agencies. (Illuminists used these controls to prolong the Great Depression.) The success of this illuministic coup was guaranteed when Roosevelt appointed four Illuminists to the United States Supreme Court: Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter, Stanley Reed, and William O. Douglas.

Once in office, Roosevelt raised taxes enormously. By greatly increasing public indebtedness, he transferred debt from the rich to the poor.

He outlawed gold as domestic money and forced Americans to exchange their gold for federal reserve notes. While Americans received $20.67 per ounce of gold that they were forced to sell to the Federal Reserve System, foreigners received $35.00 an ounce after Roosevelt devalued the dollar.

Claiming that he was going to bring prosperity, he greatly increased federal expenditures. Yet, he and the bankers knew that the Federal Reserved System, which they controlled, would not allow prosperity to return until the war that they wanted occurred. War was to the way to prosperity that they chose. Posing as the protector of the common man and as a great philanthropist, he gave the people insufferable debt and taxes.

The purpose and result of the Great Depression were (1) to punish the American people for not joining the League of Nations, (2) to increase greatly Illuminists’ control over business and finance in the United States, and (3) to bring about an enormously larger intrusive government. Illuminists who knew in advance that the international financiers were going to crash the stock market and economy, many lesser Illuminists lack this knowledge, sold their stock holdings early. Then, after the average stock price fell 90 percent, they bought blue chip companies far below their natural price. They were able to consolidate industries under their control.

Roosevelt prolonged the Great Depression to give the Rockefellers and other Illuminists more opportunity to buy stocks cheaply. It was also prolonged so that the United States government could usurp more power. The more people suffered, or perceived themselves suffering, the more willing they would be to sell their birthright and enslave themselves to the Illuminists, who controlled the United States government, for a morsel of security. The longer the misery lasted, the more willing the people would be to exchange their liberty for the security of slavery—though they would not perceive, or admit, that they were slaves.

With the Great Depression and World War II, Roosevelt crushed the American people under undreamed of federal control for the benefit of the Illuminists and their New World Order. He enslaved them for the Illuminists.

To transfer enormous amounts of wealth to the Rothschilds and other international financiers, the Bretton Woods pact was created. Its documents were made inviolable and placed beyond the reach of any government or court. It was exempted from taxation, so no government could levy taxes on any of its earnings. Furthermore, its officers and personnel were placed above the law in that they were immune from legal processes. Out of the Bretton Wood pact came the general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT), which destroyed the British Empire and is now destroying the American empire.

More importantly than leading the United States into war, was Roosevelt’s deathblow to the Constitution. Roosevelt completed the work of converting the United States from a federal republic under common law to a fascist democratic state governed by bureaucratic fiat. Collective responsibility replaced individual responsibility.

Endnote
Gary Allen, None Dare Call It Conspiracy (Seal Beach, California: Concord Press, n.d.), p.55.

References
Allen, Gary. None Dare Call It Conspiracy. Seal Beach, California: Concord Press, n.d.

Allen, Gary. The Rockefeller File Secret. Seal Beach, California: '76 Press, 1976.

Cuddy, Dennis L. The Globalists: The Power Elite Exposed. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone Publishing, 2001.

Cuddy, Dennis L. Now Is the Dawning of the New Age New World Order. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone Publishing, 2000.

Davidson, Mary M. The Profound Revolution. Omaha, Nebraska: The Greater Nebraskan, n.d.

Griffin, Des. Anti-Semitism and the Babylonian Connection. Clackamas, Oregon: Emissary Publications, 1992.

Larson, Martin A. The Federal Reserve and Our Manipulated Dollar. Old Greenwich, Connecticut: The Devin-Adair Company, 1975.

Mullins, Eustace. Secrets of the Federal Reserve. 1991.

Mullins, Eustace. The World Order: Our Secret Rulers. Second edition. Staunton, Virginia: Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization, 1992.

Roberts, Archibald E. Emerging Struggle for State Sovereignty. Fort Collins, Colorado: Betsy Ross Press, 1979.

Still, William T. New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies. Lafayette, Louisiana: Huntington House Publishers, 1990.

Stormer, John A. The Death of a Nation. Florissant, Missouri: Liberty Bell Press, 1968.

Stormer, John A. None Dare Call It Treason. Florissant, Missouri: Liberty Bell Press, 1964.

Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Coley Allen.

   More articles on history.

Years Following World War II

Years Following World War II
Thomas Allen

[Editor’s note: The footnotes in the original are omitted.]

Two great events following World War II were the Cold War and the establishment of the United Nations. The Cold War was a fictitious war although real but limited wars, such as the Korean War and Vietnam War, did occur during it.

Wars are necessary for the Illuminists to control people. To avoid the destructiveness of wars like the two world wars, the Illuminists resorted to fictitious wars and limited wars. Limited wars are necessary to make the fictitious wars convincing—thus, the war with Iraq and Afghanistan to make the War on Terrorism convincing. Furthermore, fictitious wars with their limited wars are easier to control and their out comes are more certain for the Illuminists, who control both sides of the conflicts.

The Cold War
The Cold War that followed World War II was the creation of the Illuminists working primarily through the Council on Foreign Relations. A principal component of the Cold War was the containment plan written by George Kennan. This plan became the official foreign policy of the United States toward the Soviet Union. It guaranteed the borders of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union’s control of eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the Illuminists did not let the bellicose talk of the Soviet Union toward the United States and of the United States toward the Soviet Union interfere with trade between the two. Such verbal hostilities did not halt lending money to the Soviet Union. (Of coarse, the American taxpayers guaranteed these loans if the Soviet Union defaulted.)

The Cold War did not stop the selling military equipment, nuclear reactors (used to make plutonium for nuclear weapons), chemical plants and technology (used to make chemical weapons and other war material), transportation equipment (used to transport troops and munitions), and machinery (used to make components for weapons) to the Soviet Union. United States companies also supplied communist countries with chemicals, electronic equipment, food, medicines, machinery, metal products, metal ores and scrap, petroleum, plastics, radars, rubber, and textiles.

The Soviet Union had to be built up and maintained to make it a credible enemy of the West. Having a perpetual enemy is necessary for the Illuminists to maintain and expand their power over the people and to transfer wealth from the people to the Illuminists.

Concomitant with building up the Soviet Union was disarming the United States. President John Kennedy began the disarmament movement in earnest when he delivered his disarmament speech to the United Nation in 1961. A few days later the State Department formalized the United States government’s program for disarmament in Freedom From War: The United States Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World. This program contained three stages: (1) banning nuclear tests, (2) ending production of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems (bombers and missiles), and (3) transferring all existing nuclear weapons to the United Nations, which was the real goal. Additionally, anti-missile missiles and other defensive weapons would not be developed. Congress immediately created an agency to carry out Kennedy’s disarmament program. Kennedy appointed John J. McCloy (CFR member) as Director of Disarmament. To this day, the United States government has continued to carry out Kennedy’s disarmament program. Only the Reagan administration provided a slight reversal.

Another important function of the Cold War was “perpetual war for perpetual peace.” To carry out this program, the United States government implemented the “no win” policy against Communism. Presidents Johnson and Nixon carried this policy to its height with the Vietnam War. Although the United States could have won this war within a month, Johnson and Nixon dragged it out for 10 years. Nixon eventually allowed the North Vietnam too win it.

(George W. Bush’s never-ending War on Terrorism replaced the Cold War as the “perpetual war for perpetual peace” in 2001. With his War on Terrorism, he was able do what none of his predecessors could do with the Cold War. He was able to lay the foundation and build the structure necessary to turn the United States into a police state of which even Stalin and Hitler could not dream.)

The Cold War was necessary to maintain American support of the United Nations. If no threat to peace existed, Americans and other people might lose their enthusiasm for the United Nations — especially when its record of fostering wars rather than ensuring peace was considered.

Furthermore, to maintain the United Nations, the United States and its European allies had to maintain a strong Soviet Union. The United Nations had to be maintained, for it was the hub around which the New World Order was to be built. The United Nations had to be maintained so that a central authority existed to which the United States could surrender their weapons. A central global authority was needed to redistribute the wealth of the United States. It was needed to socialize the economy of the United Stats and the rest of the world and to bring the economies of the world under one authority, which the Illuminists would control. World government is needed to achieve world domination.

During the Cold War, few leaders in the United States really saw the communist Soviet Union as a real enemy. Why? Because the Illuminists controlled the Communists who ran the Soviet Union, just as they controlled most of the leaders in government, business, labor, the media, education, and religion in the United States. (The same is true with communist China.) Because the advancement of Communism benefitted the Illuminists, the United States adopted a policy of containment and appeasement toward the Soviet Union, China, and other communist countries. The United States strove never to defeat Communism or to overthrow a communist regime.

When the Soviet Union collapsed, Communism did not die. It merely entered a new phase. Mikhail Gorbachev, who oversaw the dismantling of the Soviet Union, adamantly admitted that he was a Communist and continued to support Communism. The dismantling was being done to advance Communism by lulling gullible Westerners into believing that Communism had been defeated. Communists still dominate much of the politics of Russia and the former communist countries of Eastern Europe.

The real reason for dismantling the Soviet Union and its obvious communistic government was to make consolidating Russia and other (former) communist countries with the United States and Western Europe into the New World Order easier. (Former communist countries of Eastern Europe are now being incorporated into the European Union.)

United Nations
The Council on Foreign Relations was instrumental in organizing the United Nations, which was the reincarnation of the defunct League of Nations with expanded powers. Its goal had always been to establish a world government, an essential element of the illuministic New World Order. Of the American delegation to the U. N. Conference at San Francisco in 1945, 47 were members of the Council on Foreign Relations. They included Dean Acheson (Assistant Secretary of State, head of the pro-Soviet group in the State Department, former employee of J.P. Morgan and Co., and later Truman’s Secretary of State), Ralph Bunche (Negro, official of National Negro Congress and Institute of Pacific Relations, both Communist fronts), John Foster Dulles, Thomas K. Finletter (State Department official, later Secretary of the Air Force and ambassador to NATO), Alger Hiss (Communist spy and secretary general of the United Nation’s founding conference), Clark M. Eichelberger, Philip Jessup (Soviet agent, member of Round Table Group, former chairman of the Institute of Pacific Relations), Joseph E. Johnson (chief of International Security Affairs division of the State Department, later trustee of Carnegie Endowment and director of the CFR), Owen Lattimore (communist sympathizer and fellow-traveler, Soviet agent), John J. McCloy (later president of the World Bank, head of the Rockefeller’s Chase Bank, chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations), Leo Pasvolsky, Nelson Rockefeller, Robert Schuman, Harold Stassen, Adlai Stevenson, Edward Stettinius (Secretary of State), John Carter Vincent (security risk), and Harry Dexter White (Soviet agent). John D. Rockefeller, Jr. donated the land for the United Nations building.

The United Nations and treaty organizations made under its authority severe to create a method to bypass Congress in making war, i.e., to bypass the constitutional charge that only Congress may declare war. The Council on Foreign Relations was able to violate the constitutional provision by concocting a false theory that treaties could be used to commit the United States to war without a congressional declaration. Thus, treaties, not the Constitution, became the supreme law of the land.

The charter of the United Nations is more than a treaty; it is a constitution for world government. It commits each member country to become a socialist country and to support socialism in all other countries. It creates a global political, social, economic, cultural, and education alliances. Its agencies have acquired the features of ministries in world governance. The United Nations has striven to abolished individual nationalities, cultures, political systems, and economies. A primary objective of the United Nations is to destroy nationalism, pride in one’s nation. Monsignor Michel Schooyans described the dangers of the ascendancy of the United Nations and globalism:

. . . the plan to govern the world via the UN has inherited a number of features from the Communist “International.” . . . Along with this plan for a world government, there is the process of globalization, or economic interdependence. . . . Globalization is dangerous because control of goods signifies control of workers. . . . New Age influences, including holistic theories which perceive man as only a particle of the universe, are challenging Christian values of human dignity. According to these theories, man is a result of evolution . . . [and] this transient being should, above all, respect nature and honor the Earth-Mother, Gaia. . . . Once more attempts are made to limit population growth and national sovereignty in the name of new pantheist and monist philosophies. . . .[1]

Korean War
The first important limited war that the Illuminists created was the Korean War. It was done to advance the United Nations and to secured Communist control of China. It was the first war of the United States’ policy of never again wining any war of any importance unless it advanced the cause of Illuminism.

The foundation for the Korean War was laid at the Yalta Conference. The United States and the Soviet Union agreed to partition Korea; the Koreans had no say in this partition. China and the Soviet Union were given control over North Korea. At least a year earlier, the Council on Foreign Relations was promoting a divided Korea.

To encourage war, Dean Acheson, Secretary of State and one of the conspirators turning China into a communist country, had declared South Korea to be outside the United States’ defense perimeter. To make South Korea more inviting, it was not allowed to have military aircraft or tanks. As the Soviet Union built up North Korea’s army, the United States restricted South Korea to light arms. As North Korea massed troops along the border with the intent of conquering South Korea, the Council of Foreign Relations controlled Truman administration did nothing.

To ensure that war would take place, the Soviet Union’s delegates walked out of the United Nation Security Council in protest when the issue of the North Korean invasion came before it. Had they remained, they could have vetoed involvement of the United Nation in Korea. After the Security Council voted to involve the United Nations in Korea, the Soviet Union’s delegation return. Using the United Nation’s declaration, Truman bypassed Congress and committed American troops to the Korean War.

To assure the Chinese Communists that the Illuminists of the West had given them China, President Harry Truman, a 33rd degree Freemason, dismissed General Douglas MacArthur because MacArthur made public that he was fighting Chinese in Korea. Several hundred thousand Chinese “volunteers” had entered North Korea to fight Americans and their allies. MacArthur also wanted to bomb Chinese supply lines, but Marshall, Secretary of Defense, would not allow him to do so. MacArthur’s superiors had placed Manchuria off limits to his forces. Within days after China’s involvement came public, Truman dismissed him. Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett, a member of the Skull and Bones and CFR, had urged Truman to recall MacArthur. Also urging his dismissal were John J. McCloy, who had also pressed for General Patton’s dismissal, and Averell Harriman, a banker and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and Skull and Bones. General Ridgway, who was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and who supported a stalemate in Korea, replaced MacArthur, who wanted to defeat the Communist in Asia, as Supreme Commander. (MacArthur was not going along with the Illuminists’ policy of “containing” Communism; instead, he wanted to defeat it.)

The Korean War was not a complete success for the Illuminists. South Korea was slated to fall to the Communists. Owen Lattimore of the Council of Foreign Relations and the Institute of Pacific Relations had written in 1949 that South Korea was to fall to the Communists.[2]
Nevertheless, Lucifer would again feast on a great blood sacrifice. At least 400 American soldiers were left in Chinese and Korean communist prison camps for the Communists to torture and use as slave labor and experimentation. So much for Eisenhower’s “peace with honor.” The Korean War did accomplish the goal of empowering and strengthening the United Nations.

Eisenhower’s acceptance of a divided Korea led to a divided Vietnam, the work of John Foster Dulles. A divided Vietnam led to a protracted no-win Vietnam War, which ended with the Communists conquering South Vietnam.

[Editor’s note: The appendices in the original are omitted.]


Endnotes
1. Dennis L. Cuddy, The Globalists: The Power Elite Exposed (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone Publishing, 2001), p. 292.

2. W. Cleon Skousen, The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary on Dr. Carroll Quigley’s Book Tragedy and Hope (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1971), p. 78.

References
Allen, Gary. None Dare Call It Conspiracy. Seal Beach, California: Concord Press, n.d.

Carr, William Guy. The Conspiracy to Destroy All Existing Governments and Religions.
Cuddy, Dennis L. The Globalists: The Power Elite Exposed. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone Publishing, 2001.

Cuddy, Dennis L. Now Is the Dawning of the New Age New World Order. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone Publishing, 2000.

Davidson, Mary M. The Profound Revolution. Omaha, Nebraska: The Greater Nebraskan, n.d.

Hargis, Billy James. Communist America Must It Be? Tulsa, Oklahoma: Christian Crusade, 1960.

Hoar, William P. Architect of Conspiracy: An Intriguing History. Belmont, Massachusetts: Western Islands, 1984.

Kah, Gary H. En Route to Global Occupation. Lafayette, Louisiana: Huntington House Publishers, 1992.

Kah, Gary H. The New World Religion. Noblesville, Indiana: Hope International Publishing, Inc., 1998.

Kirban, Salem. Satan’s Angels Exposed. Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania: Salem Kirban Inc., 1980.

Knight, Stephen. The Brotherhood: The Secret World of the Freemasons. Briarcliff Manor, New York: Stein and Day, 1984.

McCormick, W. J. McK. Christ, the Christian and Freemasonry. Carryduff, Belfast: Great Joy Publications, 1984.

Marrs, Jim. Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids. New York, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2000.

Monteith, Stanley. Brotherhood of Darkness. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone, 2000.

Mullins, Eustace. The Curse of Canaan: A Demonology of History. Staunton, Virginia: Revelation Book, 1987.

Mullins, Eustace. The World Order: Our Secret Rulers. Second edition. Staunton, Virginia: Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization, 1992.

Poncins, Leon de, Comte. State Secrets: A Documentation of the Secret Revolutionary Mainspring Governing Anglo-American Politics. Translator Timothy Tindal-Robertson. 1975.

Skousen, W. Cleon. The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary on Dr. Carroll Quigley’s Book Tragedy and Hope. Salt Lake City, Utah, 1971.

Smoot, Dan. The Invisible Government. Dallas, Texas: The Dan Smoot Report, Inc., 1962.

Still, William T. New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies. Lafayette, Louisiana: Huntington House Publishers, 1990.

Stormer, John A. The Death of a Nation. Florissant, Missouri: Liberty Bell Press, 1968.

Stormer, John A. None Dare Call It Treason. Florissant, Missouri: Liberty Bell Press, 1964.

Sutton, Antony C. National Suicide: Military Aid to the Soviet Union. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1973.

Wardner, James W. Unholy Alliances: The Secret Plan and the Secret People Who Are Working to Destroy America. James W. Wardner, 1996.

Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Colely Allen.

  More articles on history.

China

China
Thomas Allen

[Editor’s note: Footnotes in the original are omitted.]

At the conclusion of World War II, Illuminists began building up China as the next world power that the Illuminists planned to use to initiate their third world war. This war would eradicate the Aryan people, or at least reduce them to such insignificance that the postwar mop up could eliminate the few remaining ones.

Some believe that the buildup of China was intended to be a counter balance to the Soviet Union. Illuminists of the West could use China to keep the Soviet Union in line if the Illuminists of the Soviet Union started acting too independently. This was the claim of the Establishment media, which Illuminists control. Even people not controlled by Illuminists thought such was the reason. However, the greatest transfer of wealth and technology to China occurred after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union and during the administration of President William Clinton, a Rhodes scholar and CFR member, and continued by President G.W. Bush, a member of Skull and Bones.

The United States’ war with Japan aided communist advancement in China. Before the war, Japan had not only halted communist expansion in China, but had caused it to retreat.

While Chiang Kai-shek’s army was trying to drive the Japanese from China, the Soviet backed Chinese Communist Party was capturing the territory to Chiang’s rear. By 1943, the Communists had gained controlled of northern China.

After Germany’s defeat, Japan sought peace. However, Harry Dexter White and other Soviet agents of Stalin persuaded Truman to continue the war and to destroy Japan as a power in the Far East. The war continued long enough to drop nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (one of the few centers of Christian missionary work in the Far East) and for the Soviet Union to declare war on Japan. (For its two days of war against Japan, the Soviet Union received the Kurile Islands and South Sakhalin and control of the Manchuria railroad.)

Among the Far Eastern experts whose advise Roosevelt and Truman used to force Communism on China were Lauchlin Currie (confidential administrative assistant to the President, Roosevelt’s personal emissary to Chiang, a CFR member, and a spy for the Soviet Union), Gregory Silvermaster (a Jew, Communist, and Soviet agent), Michael Greenberg (a Jew and Communist), and Alger Hiss (a CFR member, Communist, Soviet agent, and spy).

Following World War II, Marshall aided Mao Tse-tung in bringing the Communists to power in China by stopping the supplies of fuel and munitions to Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalist Chinese, who had been allies of the United Sates in the war against Japan. At this time Marshall was under Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War and a member of the Skull and Bones.

Marshall went to China shortly after World War II and told Chiang that if he did not allow the Communists to enter his government, all American aid would cease. Chiang refused to allow the Communists into his government, and Marshall stopped the aid. After Congress directed that aid be sent to Chiang, the Truman administration prevented the aid from reaching him. Thus, the Communists forced the Nationalists to retreat to Twain. By 1949, the Communists held all mainland China.

Meanwhile, Lattimore, a Soviet agent, and other pro-Communist writers were writing books and articles supporting the Chinese Communists and condemning Chiang. Through book reviews, Lattimore and his procommunist colleagues stifled objective and anticommunist books on the Far East. Mainline magazines, such as the Saturday Evening Post and Colliers, glorified Mao and the Chinese Communist as “agrarian reformers.”

Once Mao gained controlled of China, he began in earnest to carry out his reign of terror. During the first five years of communist rule, Mao had 40 million people liquidated.[1] Husbands were separated from wives, and children, from parents. To destroy the individuality of children, the Communists replaced their names with numbers. Using terror and torture, Mao sought to eradicate all Christians and vestiges of Christianity from China.

The next great advancement for Communist China came in 1971. In 1971, President Richard Nixon appointed George H. W. Bush as United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Bush was a member of the Skull and Bones, Council on Foreign Relations, and Trilateral Commission and became the 41st President. Bush allowed the United Nations to expel the Republic of China (Twain) and to give its seat to Communist China. After faithfully fulfilling his duty to his fellow Illuminists, he resigned and became Chairman of the Republican National Committee.

The build up of China began in earnest during the administration of Ronald Reagan. Bechtel Corp., a privately owned firm, was the company that the Illuminists used to spearhead the reconstruction of China. Among Bechtel’s employees were Richard Helms (Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, CFR member), George Shultz (Secretary of State), and Casper Weinberger (Secretary of Defense). Shultz was the president of Bechtel, and Weinberger was the vice-president and general counsel.

With the Clinton administration, the buildup of China accelerated with the transfer of advance military technology to China. The United States special forces trained Chinese special forces in tactics that could be used in an invasion of Taiwan. The United States intensified its campaign to demoralize the Taiwanese and the surrender of Taiwan to China.

Endnote
1. John A. Stormer, None Dare Call It Treason (Florissant, Missouri: Liberty Bell Press, 1964), p. 133.

References
Cuddy, Dennis L. The Globalists: The Power Elite Exposed. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone Publishing, 2001.

Hoar, William P. Architect of Conspiracy: An Intriguing History. Belmont, Massachusetts: Western Islands, 1984.

Monteith, Stanley. Brotherhood of Darkness. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone, 2000.

Roberts, Archibald E. The Most Secret Science. Fort Collins, Colorado: Betsy Ross Press, 1984.

Skousen, W. Cleon. The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary on Dr. Carroll Quigley’s Book Tragedy and Hope. Salt Lake City, Utah, 1971.

Still, William T. New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies. Lafayette, Louisiana: Huntington House Publishers, 1990.

Stormer, John A. None Dare Call It Treason. Florissant, Missouri: Liberty Bell Press, 1964.

Sutton, Antony C. How the Order Creates War and Revolution. Phoenix, Arizona: Research Publications, Inc., 1984.

Wardner, James W. Unholy Alliances: The Secret Plan and the Secret People Who Are Working to Destroy America. James W. Wardner, 1996.

Webster, Nesta H. World Revolution: The Plot Against Civilization. Editor Anthony Gittens. Seventh edition. Palmdale, California: Omni Publications, 1994.

Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Coley Allen.

 More articles on history.

Soviet Union Part 3

Soviet Union Part 3
Soviet Union Becomes a World Power
Thomas Allen

[Editor’s note: Footnotes in original are omitted.]

An important result of World War II was the rise of the Soviet Union as a world power. The conflict between autocratic fascism and Communism ended and was replaced with the Cold War, conflict between democratic fascism and Communism.

World War II gave the United States an excellent opportunity and excuse to build up the Soviet Union. The United States gave the Soviet Union top priority in receiving supplies. “One-third of Lend-Lease shipments to Russia comprised industrial supplies for postwar reconstruction.”[1] Supplies under Lend-Lease program continued to flow into the Soviet Union until the end of 1946. (If the primary purpose of supplying the Soviet Union had been the defeat of Hitler instead of expanding the power base of Communism, little or none of the supplies would have been for post war reconstruction, and the shipments would have ended by early 1945 when the defeat of Germany was certain.) More than $11 billion (about $105 billion in 2000 dollars) in aid were given the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program. In spite of damages caused by the war, the Soviet Union ended World War II with greater industrial capacity than it had in 1940—primarily due to Lend-Lease, reparations, and conquest.

The Lend-Lease Plan had greatly increased the wealth of the Soviet Union and its ability to manufacture war-related materiels. Lend-Lease built the Soviet war machine. The United States also gave the Soviet Union the material necessary to build an atomic bomb. President Roosevelt’s close advisor, Harry Hopkins, who was in charge of Lend-Lease and a Soviet agent, approved the shipment. “Before the United States had itself assembled the first atomic bomb, half of all American uranium and the technical information needed to construct a bomb were sent to Russia.”[2] Toward the end of the war, Harry Dexter White, Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury, gave the Soviet Union plates to print United States German occupation money, which was redeemable by the United States Treasury, to pay for its occupation of East Germany.

To continue aiding the Soviet Union following the war, David Rockefeller for the Council on Foreign Relations conceived what became the Marshall Plan to reconstruct Europe. It was promoted as a plan to save democracy in Europe. John J. McCloy (CFR member) was its chief architect. W. Averell Harriman (CFR member) was appointed head of the Marshall Plan. Furthermore, the Soviet Union was a benefactor of American foreign aid, having received more than $186 million between 1947 and 1970.

Communism and the Soviet Union came out of the war more powerful than ever. Roosevelt and Churchill, both of whom were Freemasons, gave Stalin, a Freemason, and the Communists most of eastern Europe, including Poland. (The war was started ostensibly to free Poland.) In addition to annexing a large portion of Poland, the Soviet Union had annexed Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, part of Finland, and Bessarabia from Rumania. It had puppet governments in East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, and Albania. In Asia, Manchuria and North Korea were turned over to the Communists.

Soviet agents Alger Hiss, Harry Dexter White and Owen Lattimore lobbied heavily and successfully for Stalin’s goals in both the Roosevelt and Truman administrations. White and Hiss gained control of the positions that controlled the United State’s foreign policy. They had access to top secret documents. They also gave Stalin intelligence.

Fortunately for Germany, Roosevelt balked at implementing the Morgenthau-White Plan, which Stalin favored. Baruch, a spokesman for Jewry, thought the Plan was too soft. Roosevelt blocked the Plan, which he had favored, not because he cared for the Germans or abhorred Communism, but because he feared a public backlash. Furthermore, Truman, who did not like the Plan, became president just before Germany surrendered. Truman was part of the faction of the Roosevelt administration that wanted to rebuild Germany as a check against the Soviet Union. The major backers of the Plan, Morgenthau, resigned after Truman became president.

The purpose of the Morgenthau-White Plan was to destroy Germany’s industrial base and turn Germany into a pastoral communist country. Germany would be made an agricultural country with much of its population starving to death. It required Germany to pay reparation by surrendering “German material resources, German human resources and German territory.”[3] Three essential components of the Plan were (1) the arresting and executing of many Germans without trial, (2) giving millions of Germans who had collaborated with Hitler’s regime to the Soviet Union for unconditional use as slave labor, and (3) returning to the Soviet Union all refugees who had fled the Soviet Union.

Although the Morgenthau-White Plan had been rejected, it was, nevertheless, partially implemented. The Soviets dismantled and carried to Russia much of Germany’s industrial equipment. Much that was not taken was destroyed. The Soviets also transported a large number of Germans to the Soviet Union to perish in slave labor camps.

General Dwight Eisenhower did his part to carry out the Morgenthau-White Plan for Stalin. He ordered forced repatriation of thousands of people who had fled Stalin’s regime. These people faced certain death by execution or in slave labor camps.

The Morgenthau-White Plan, which Communists and Soviet agents in the United States Treasury Department had drawn up, achieved two goals. First, it satisfied unrelenting Jewish vengeance against the German people, whom Jews held guilty for Hitler’s crimes against Jews. (Jews imposed collective guilt on the Germans while opposing fervently imposing collective guilt on Jews.) Second, it enabled the Soviet Union to bring Communism to the heart of Europe.

With the aid of Eisenhower, the Illuminists created a situation that turned Berlin into a foreign policy distraction that would last for decades. Eisenhower stopped the United States Army from taking Berlin. At the Tehran Conference in 1943, Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill seemed to have agreed to let the United States capture and occupy Berlin. Yet 17 months later, the Soviet Union was allowed to occupy Berlin. In the closing days of the war, the U.S. Ninth Army could have easily captured Berlin, probably without firing a shoot. (The only impediment that it faced was German refugees fleeing the Soviets.) When the Ninth Army was within hours of taking Berlin, Eisenhower ordered it to halt. Furthermore, when Patton was on the verge of taking Prague and the last remnant of the Germany army, Eisenhower ordered him not to accept the surrender of the Germany army but to contain it until the Soviets arrived. When the Germans surrendered to the Soviets, Eisenhower ordered Patton to withdraw from Czechoslovakia, thus, giving it to the Soviets.

Initially, Eisenhower took credit for these decisions before the public learned the horrible consequences of them and before he decided to run for President. He later denied responsibility and blamed Roosevelt and Truman. (He was merely a soldier obeying the orders of his superiors.) Nevertheless, Eisenhower seemed to be more responsible for these decisions than either President. According to Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Eisenhower frequently communicated with Stalin in the closing days of the war. He often informed Stalin of his decisions and actions before he told his own superiors.

Another important actor behind the decision to place Berlin in the Soviet Union’s zone of occupation without a guaranteed access route was George F. Kennan (CFR member). He had persuaded Roosevelt to accept this arrangement. (Roosevelt initially wanted Berlin placed in the zone controlled by the United State.)

Smoot gives three possible explanations for this crazy Berlin arrangement:

(1) the Americans who set up the Berlin arrangement—which means, specifically George F. Kennan and Philip E. Mosely, representing the Council on Foreign Relations—were ignorant fools; or
(2) they wanted to make Berlin a powder keg which the Soviets could use, at will, to intimidate the West; or
(3) they wanted a permanent, ready source of war which the United States government could use, at any time, to salvage its own international policies from criticism at home, by scaring the American people into “buckling down” and “tightening up” for “unity” behind our “courageous President” who is “calling the Kremlin bluff” by spending to prepare this nation for all-out war, if necessary, to “defend the interests of the free-world” in Berlin.[4]

As the members of the Council on Foreign Relations are not ignorant fools, explanation one can be eliminated. As the Council on Foreign Relations does not serve the interests of the Soviet Union, except to the extent those interests serve the Council on Foreign Relations, explanation two can be eliminated. The answer is explanation three. Illuminists could now use Berlin to gain control over the American people.

“Long, long ago, King Henry of England told Prince Hal that the way to run a country and keep the people from being too critical of how you run it, is to busy giddy minds with foreign quarrels.”[5]

[Editor’s note: Appendix on the Hungarian Communist Revolution and list of References in original are omitted.]

Endnotes
1. Antony C. Sutton, National Suicide: Military Aid to the Soviet Union (New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1973), p. 24.

2. John A. Stormer, None Dare Call It Treason (Florissant, Missouri: Liberty Bell Press, 1964), p. 29.

3. Comte Leon de Poncins, State Secrets: A Documentation of the Secret Revolutionary Mainspring Governing Anglo-American Politics (Translator Timothy Tindal-Robertson. 1975), p. 103.

4. Dan Smoot, The Invisible Government (Dallas, Texas: The Dan Smoot Report, Inc., 1962), pp. 32-33.

5. Ibid., p. 33.


Copyright © 2009 by Thomas Coley Allen.

Part 2 

 More articles on history. 

Soviet Union Part 2

Soviet Union Part 2
Supporting the Communists After the Revolution
Thomas Allen

[Editor’s note: Footnotes in original are omitted.]

Once the Communists consolidated control of Russia, Illuminists of the West began building up the Soviet Union. Following the Bolsheviks capture of Russia, Western banks continued their financial aid. Western industrial magnates came forth to rebuild Russian industry.

To aid in the exploitation of Russia, the American League to Aid and Cooperative with Russia was established in 1918. Dr. Frank J. Goodnow (president of John Hopkins University) was its president. William Boyce Thompson, Oscar S. Straus, James Duncan, and Frederick C. Howe were vice-presidents. George P. Whalen (vice-president of Vacuum Oil Co.) was its treasurer. Representing Congress were Senators William Borah, William N. Calder, Robert L. Owen (chairman of the Banking and Currency Committee), and John S. Williams (Foreign Relations Committee) and Representatives Henry R. Cooper and Henry D. Flood (chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee). Representing business were Henry Ford (Ford Motor Co.), Charles A. Coffin (chairman of General Electric Co.), M.A. Oudin (foreign manager of General Electric Co.), and Daniel Willard (president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad). Mrs. Raymond Robins (involved with the Soviet Bureau), Henry L. Slobodin (a socialist), and Lincoln Steffens (a Communists) represented the revolutionary element.

The League approved:

a program that emphasized the establishment of an official Russian division in the U.S. government “directed by strong men.” This division would enlist the aid of universities, scientific organizations, and other institutions to study the “Russian question,” would coordinate and unite organizations within the United States “for the safeguarding of Russia,” would arrange for a “special intelligence committee for the investigation of the Russian matter,” and, generally, would itself study and investigate what was deemed to be the “Russian question.”[1]

It also endorsed President Wilson’s message to the Soviet congress in Moscow. The League lobbied the United States government to support the Bolshevik regime.

To keep the Bolsheviks in power, Chase National Bank established the American-Russia Chamber of Commerce in 1922. Reeve Schley, a vice-president of Chase National Bank, became its president. The Chamber worked to finance the Soviet Union export and import businesses.

The first American to receive a trading concession from the new Soviet Union was Armand Hammer, who has been called “the Godfather of American corporate corruption.”[2] He began rehabilitating the mines of the Soviet Union and exporting ore to the United States. In 1923 Allied American Corp. was organized to promote trade between the Soviet Union and the United States. Armand Hammer was the corporation’s secretary. His father, Julius Hammer, was its president, and his brother, Victor Hammer, was a director. It represented 38 American firms. The Soviet Union financed it, and its profits were divided equally between the Hammers and the Soviet government. Armand Hammer later acquired a monopoly over pencil and stationery manufacturing in the Soviet Union.

In 1925, Chase National Bank and Equitable Trust Co. worked out a deal with the Soviets to finance the Soviet Union’s raw material exports and its imports of cotton and machinery from the United States.

International Barnsdall Corp., Lucey Manufacturing Co., and others rebuilt the oil fields of the Caucasus in the 1920s. Barnsdall Corp. owned 75 percent of International Barnsdall Corp.; H. Mason Day owned the other 25 percent. Matthew C. Brush, a 32nd degree Freemason, was president of International Barnsdall Corp. W. A. Harriman; Lee, Higginson and Co.; and Guaranty Trust Co. owned Barnsdall Corp. Eugene W. Stetson, vice-president of Guaranty Trust Co., represented Guaranty Trust Co.’s interest. Frederick W. Allen, a member of the Skull and Bones, represented Lee, Higginson and Co.’s interest.

After the Soviets promised to give Standard Oil of New Jersey, a Rockefeller company, half the oil production of the Caucasus, Standard Oil built a refinery in 1927 in the Soviet Union. The Rockefellers also profited further from the Russian oil through Vacuum Oil, another Rockefeller company. Vacuum Oil had the contract to sell Russian oil in Europe. In 1935, when Stalin expropriated many foreign investments in Russia, he did not bother Standard Oil.

Harriman was also instrumental in rebuilding Russia’s manganese industry. For this purpose, he formed the Georgian Manganese Co. in 1923 with Brush as chairman. Later the Soviet government “expropriated” Harriman’s manganese operation and gave him Soviet bonds as compensation.

During the 1920s, Guaranty Trust Co., International Harvester Co., New York Life, and Vacuum Oil were the primary companies doing business with the Soviets. J. P. Morgan, Jr. and John D. Rockefeller had controlling interest in these firms.

In 1922, Herbert Hoover, as Secretary of Commerce and a Rothschild agent, worked with Guaranty Trust Co. to form a partnership with the State Bank in Moscow. The resulting partnership led to the formation of the first Soviet international bank, Ruskombank (Russian Commercial Bank) in 1922. Aschberg was its head. Max May, a vice-president of Guaranty Trust Co., became the head of its foreign department. (May, a close friend of Aschberg, was associated with the Bolshevik Revolution and German espionage during World War I.[3]) Making up its board of directors were representatives of American, German, and Swedish banks, plus Soviet officials and czarist private banks. The major source of capital for Ruskombank came from Great Britain. In return, the Soviet government granted the foreign banking consortium that backed Ruskombank extensive concessions in Russia. Ruskombank’s primary function was facilitating the Soviet Union’s foreign trade, securing loans in foreign countries for the Soviet Union, and bringing foreign capital into the Soviet Union. Guaranty Trust Co. was its representative in the United States. In 1924, Ruskombank became part of the Soviet foreign-trade commissariat, and Aschberg was dismissed.

Many other American companies helped to build and maintain the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s. General Electric built a large turbine manufacturing plant. Universal Oil Products, Badger Corp., Lummus Co., and Kelly Co. built petroleum refineries. United Engineering and Foundry Co. built a steel rolling mill, and Tube Reducing Co. built a tube mill. Radio Corp. of America provided technology and equipment to update and expand radio communication. Ford Motor Co., A.J. Brandt Co., Austin Co., and General Electric built the Soviet truck manufacturing industry. Among the firms providing the Soviet Union machine tools were TRW, Inc. (steering linkages), U.S. Industries (presses), Gleason Works (gear-cutting and heat-treating equipment), New Britain Machine Co. (automatic lathes), Lake Erie Engineering Corp. (hydraulic presses to form metal aircraft sections), Birdsboro Steel Foundry and Machine Co. (hydraulic presses for aircraft manufacturing), and Wallace Supplies Manufacturing Co. (bending machines). Hercules Powder Co. provided technical assistance needed to produce the components of explosives. Nitrogen Engineering Corp. gave the Soviet Union synthetic nitrogen technology, which could be used to make fertilizer or explosives. Du Pont provided nitric acid plants (nitric acid is used in manufacturing munitions). Glenn L. Martin Co. designed a bomber for the Soviets. Seversky Aircraft Corp. furnished the technology and plants needed to build amphibian aircraft. This company also designed and sold the Soviet Union bombers that were superior to any existing at that time. Other aircraft companies involved in building up the Soviet air force in the 1930s were Vultee Aircraft Division of Aviation Manufacturing Corp., which built a fighter aircraft plant, and Douglas Aircraft Co., which provided the technology for the Soviet’s transport aircraft. Standard Oil of New York supplied the designs and technology needed to build a sulfuric acid alkylation plant, which is used as an octane booster in gasoline and in making aviation lubricating oils.

The Germans were also important actors in building up the Soviet Union. In the early 1920s and late 1930s, Germany provided the Soviet Union with both armaments and training. Germany built factories in the Soviet Union to produce aircraft, artillery, and other war materiel. (These factories would later produce weapons that the Soviets would use against the Germans during World War II until massive supplies began arriving from the United States.)

When Lenin died, most people expected Trotsky to succeed him. However, violent disagreement between Trotsky and Stalin erupted. Stalin wanted to make the Soviet Union a strong socialist country before exporting the communist revolutions abroad. Trotsky argued that the Bolshevik Revolution could only survive if it were immediately exported to other countries. Trotsky wanted “permanent revolution.” Stalin wanted “socialism in one country” first. Thus, occurred the struggle between two great communist strategies. “Trotsky the cosmopolitan, messianic, Jewish figure-head, set against Stalin, the Asiatic, the man of steel, the cold, implacable agent of Soviet imperialism.”[4] Stalin eventually prevailed. Trotsky fled Russia and was assassinated in 1940. Stalin went on to kill the remaining Bolsheviks of the old guard and to oppress Jews in the Soviet Union. (Thus, like most other people of the Soviet Union, Jews without influence were now worse off than they were under the Czars.)

In 1933, when the Soviet Union seemed to be on the verge of failing, Franklin Roosevelt gave it a major political victory by giving it diplomatic recognition. This diplomatic recognition brought greater access to money and credit.

The Communist remained in power in Soviet Union only because of continuous funds from Western banks and Western governments. Among the Western Banks financing the Soviet Union and Communism were Chase National Bank, Guaranty Trust Co., and Kuhn, Loeb and Co. Western banks financed Stalin’s Five Year Plans. The true headquarters of Communism was, and remains, in New York City.

The Soviet Union was a fiction established by the Illuminists, financed by their banks, built and maintained by their multinational corporations, and supported by the American taxpayer. Its purpose was to loot the Romanovs, the Russian people, and other nations of the Russian Empire. It also facilitated illuministic control of the West, especially the United States during the Cold War. Illuminism feeds on war. The Soviet Union served the vital purpose of instigating and supplying wars across the planet. (The United States usually supplied and controlled the other side to ensure that it would not defeat the Communists.) Thus, the people of the West were given a common enemy although the Illuminists controlled the governments of the West and the Soviet Union. Constant strife caused people in the West to live in fear of a conflict escalating into war. This psychological stress conditioned many to enslave themselves freely for world peace. Furthermore, the threat of war with the Soviet Union transferred enormous wealth to the Illuminists as the West continuously prepared for war with Communism and the Soviet Union. It led to pessimism, despair, and hopelessness, which led to a declining Aryan birthrate. (Now the Aryan birthrate is below the replacement rate; thus, the Aryan people are on their way to extinction—the ultimate goal of Illuminism.) The existence of the Soviet Union eased the movement of the West toward socialism and statism in the name of fighting Communism. People were tricked into surrendering their liberties to the state to defeat Communism. The Bolshevik revolution, Communism, and the Soviet Union were a charade to increase the power and wealth of the Illuminists.

Endnotes
1. Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution (Morley, Western Australia: Veritas Publishing Company Pty., Ltd., 1981), p. 155.

2. Dennis L. Cuddy, The Globalists: The Power Elite Exposed (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Hearthstone Publishing, 2001), p. 254.

3. William P. Hoar, Architect of Conspiracy: An Intriguing History (Belmont, Massachusetts: Western Islands, 1984), p. 173.

4. Vicomte Leon de Poncins, Freemasonry and the Vatican: A Struggle for Recognition (Translator Timothy Tindal-Roberston. London, England: Briton Publishing Co., 1968), p. 102.

Copyright © 2009 by Thomas Coley Allen.

Part 1, Part 3 

 More articles on history.